Editing Russian Empire

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| style="text-align: center;" width=50% | [[Image:Romanov flag.PNG|Flag of the Russian Empire]] || style="text-align: center;" width=50% | http://i249.photobucket.com/albums/gg229/minnesota_iceman/CoatofarmsoftheRussianEmpire.png
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| style="text-align: center;" width=50% | [[Image:Romanov flag.PNG|Flag of the Russian Empire]] || style="text-align: center;" width=50% | [[Image:State emblem.gif|85px|State Emblem of the Russian Empire]]
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| style="border: 0px; text-align: center;" | <small>Flag</small> || style="border: 0px; text-align: center;" | <small>State Emblem</small>
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===Senate===
===Senate===
The Senate (''Pravitelstvuyushchi Senat'', i.e. directing or governing senate), originally established during the government reform of Peter I, consists of members appointed by the Emperor. Its wide variety of functions are carried out by the different departments into which it is divided. It is the supreme court of cassation; an audit office, a high court of justice for all political offences; one of its departments fulfills the functions of a heralds' college. It also has supreme jurisdiction in all disputes arising out of the administration of the Empire, notably differences between representatives of the central power and the elected organs of local self-government. Lastly, it promulgates new laws, a function which theoretically gives it a power akin to that of the Supreme Court of the United States, of rejecting measures not in accordance with fundamental laws.
The Senate (''Pravitelstvuyushchi Senat'', i.e. directing or governing senate), originally established during the government reform of Peter I, consists of members appointed by the Emperor. Its wide variety of functions are carried out by the different departments into which it is divided. It is the supreme court of cassation; an audit office, a high court of justice for all political offences; one of its departments fulfills the functions of a heralds' college. It also has supreme jurisdiction in all disputes arising out of the administration of the Empire, notably differences between representatives of the central power and the elected organs of local self-government. Lastly, it promulgates new laws, a function which theoretically gives it a power akin to that of the Supreme Court of the United States, of rejecting measures not in accordance with fundamental laws.
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The Senate is chaired by the Ober-Procurator (formerly known as the General Procurator), who serves as the link between the Emperor and the Senate and acts, in the emperor's own words, as "the sovereign's eye".
 
==Judicial system==
==Judicial system==
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The judicial system of the Russian Empire, existed from the mid-19th century, was established by the emperor Alexander II, by the statute of 20 November 1864 (''Sudebni Ustav''). This system — based partly on English, partly on French models — was built up on certain broad principles: the separation of the judicial and administrative functions, the independence of the judges and courts, the publicity of trials and oral procedure, the equality of all classes before the law. Moreover, a democratic element was introduced by the adoption of the jury system and — so far as one order of tribunal was concerned — the election of judges. The establishment of a judicial system on these principles constituted a fundamental change in the conception of the Russian state, which, by placing the administration of justice outside the sphere of the executive power, ceased to be a despotism. This fact made the system especially obnoxious to the bureaucracy, and during the latter years of Alexander II and the reign of Alexander III there was a piecemeal taking back of what had been given. It was reserved for the third Duma, after the Russian Revolution of 1905, to begin the reversal of this process (which has since been completed).
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The judicial system of the Russian Empire, existed from the mid-19th century, was established by the "tsar emancipator" Alexander II, by the statute of 20 November 1864 (''Sudebni Ustav''). This system — based partly on English, partly on French models — was built up on certain broad principles: the separation of the judicial and administrative functions, the independence of the judges and courts, the publicity of trials and oral procedure, the equality of all classes before the law. Moreover, a democratic element was introduced by the adoption of the jury system and — so far as one order of tribunal was concerned — the election of judges. The establishment of a judicial system on these principles constituted a fundamental change in the conception of the Russian state, which, by placing the administration of justice outside the sphere of the executive power, ceased to be a despotism. This fact made the system especially obnoxious to the bureaucracy, and during the latter years of Alexander II and the reign of Alexander III there was a piecemeal taking back of what had been given. It was reserved for the third Duma, after the Russian Revolution of 1905, to begin the reversal of this process.
The system established by the law of 1864 was remarkable in that it set up two wholly separate orders of tribunals, each having their own courts of appeal and coming in contact only in the senate, as the supreme court of cassation. The first of these, based on the English model, are the courts of the elected justices of the peace, with jurisdiction over petty causes, whether civil or criminal; the second, based on the French model, are the ordinary tribunals of nominated judges, sitting with or without a jury to hear important cases.
The system established by the law of 1864 was remarkable in that it set up two wholly separate orders of tribunals, each having their own courts of appeal and coming in contact only in the senate, as the supreme court of cassation. The first of these, based on the English model, are the courts of the elected justices of the peace, with jurisdiction over petty causes, whether civil or criminal; the second, based on the French model, are the ordinary tribunals of nominated judges, sitting with or without a jury to hear important cases.

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