Psy3241 - User contributions [en]

Stroop task

Mfrench — Mon, 05 May 2008 04:24:30 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]
A psychological test of our mental ability to name a color when a number is displayed. First reports of this test was by John Stroop in 1935. The brain area where this process takes place is called the anterior cingulate which is a region between the right and left halves of the frontal portion of the brain.

Roger Sperry

Mfrench — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 22:29:56 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]
'''Roger Wolcott Sperry''' (August 20, 1913 – April 17, 1994) was a neuropsychologist, neurobiologist and Nobel laureate who, with two fellow researchers, won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work with split-brain research.

Sperry was born and raised in Hartford, Connecticut. He was smart and talented enough that it earned him a scholarship to Oberlin College. He participated in sports and did well academically. He went on to graduate with an English degree, and soon would be back to earn his masters in psychology. Post masters, he went to the University of Chicago and earned his Ph.D in zoology.

Sperry did post-doctoral research with a well known psychologist Karl Lashley at Harvard University. After much research and experience teaching, he accepted a job as the prestigious Hixon professor of Psychobiology at California Institute of Technology in Pasadena (Caltech).

While at Caltech, Sperry pursued his interest in the routes by which information is transferred from one side of the cerebral cortex to the other. After a series of experiments, Sperry and his colleagues discovered two possible routes for such interhemispheric transfer—the corpus callosum and the optic chiasm. However, he found that ablating both the corpus callosum or the optic chiasm before training did not interfere with transfer. A brain that has had its corpus callosum and its optic chiasm ablated is referred to as a split-brain preparation.

The additional knowledge provided by Sperry and his colleagues was dramatic. They found that each hemisphere had its own characteristic range of cognition, memory, emotion, and consciousness. Sperry leading the way, research on the “left brain” and the “right brain” became very popular. There were some controversies with this later into his career but much research was done to prove otherwise. The left hemisphere is responsible for speech, as had been known, and it is dominant in all activities involving language, arithmetic, and analysis. The right hemisphere, although mute and capable only of simple addition (up to about 20), is superior to the left hemisphere in, among other things, spatial comprehension--in understanding maps, for example, or recognizing faces.

In his lifetime, Sperry published almost 300 articles in the most prestigious journals and many of those articles were translated into several languages (Puente, 1995).

Sperry past away on April 17, 1994, in Pasadena, California. He was 80 years old and cause of death was a degenerative neuromuscular disorder (Puente, 1995).

'''Awards & Honors'''

Karl Lashley Award of the American Philosophical Society (1976)

The Wolf Prize in Medicine (1979)

The Ralph Gerard Award from the Society of Neuroscience (1979)

The Nobel Prize in medicine/physiology (shared with David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel) (1981)

The Lifetime Achievement Award from the APA (1993)

'''Personal Life'''

In 1949, Sperry married Norma Gay Deupree. They had one son, Glenn Michael, and one daughter, Janet Hope.

Parkinson's Disease

Mfrench — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 22:24:26 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]
'''Parkinson's disease'''
Also called: Paralysis agitans or Shaking palsy

Parkinson's disease (PD) affects neurons in the part of the brain that controls muscle movement. PD belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders. These disorders are categorized by the loss of neurons that make dopamine (chemical that sends signals to create movement). These cells either die or do not work properly.

== Common Symptoms ==
Symptoms of PD include:
-tremors or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face
-stiffness of the limbs and trunk
-movement slows
-posture instable, impaired balance and coordination

Other symptoms may include:

-depression and other emotional changes
-difficulty in swallowing
-chewing
-speaking
-urinary problems or constipation
-skin problems
-disrupted sleep cycle

These symptoms cause one to have trouble walking, talking and interfere with many other daily activities. Though it usually starts to affect people over 50 symptoms may start earlier. Early symptoms are subtle but progress over time, varying between patients.

== Treatment ==
Though PD can not be cured symptoms can be controlled or diminished with treatments such as medication, physical therapy and even diet and exercise can help. Working with a physical therapist can help improve walking and overall balance while working with a speech pathologist can help improve speech and swallowing. When life style changes aren't enough most doctors will recommend the use of medications. A form of therapy that can be used to treat Parkinson's disease is called deep brain stimulation (DBS). This process involves implanting electrodes into the brain and connecting them to a small electrical device called a pulse generator. DBS can reduce the need for some drugs and can help alleviate fluctuations of symptoms.

==Medications==
Medications can help manage tremors and help to improve mobility and movement by increasing the brain's supply of dopamine.

== External Resources ==

[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkqHih3ug2g Video of PARKINSON'S DISEASE]
[http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm Parkinson's Disease Information Page]

[http://www.neurologychannel.com/parkinsonsdisease/index.shtml Neurology Channel]

File:Gazzaniga.jpg

Mfrench — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 20:45:46 GMT

Mfrench:

Talk:Gerstmann's syndrome

Mfrench — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 20:37:35 GMT

Mfrench:

Accordning to this article I found on Gerstmann's syndrome, children do not necessarily overcome the symptomes, they just learn to cope with them as they get older. Word processors and calculators are a couple ways to help children deal with the symptoms.

Michael Gazzaniga

Mfrench — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 20:26:49 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]
[[Image:http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2005/02/images/gazzaniga.jpg]]

Michael Gazzaniga is one of the worlds leading neuroscientists. He is a psychology professor at the University of California Santa Barbara and director for the SAGE Center for the Study of Mind. His research focuses on patients that have undergone split-brain surgery and that have revealed lateralization of functions across the cerebral hemispheres. He has advanced our understanding of functional lateralization in the brain and how the cerebral hemispheres communicate with one another.

== History ==
Gazzaniga was born on December 12, 1939. As a child, he was always fascinated with examining things and even set up his own laboratory in his garage in high school to study the enzymes of rabbit muscle. His father, brothers, and sisters all loved to meddle around with surgical procedures as well. With this interest of his, he received a summer fellowship from Roger W Sperry at Caltech where he studied nerve growth. He later went on to Dartmouth for undergradate school and graduated 1961 and received a Ph.D in psychobiology from the California Institute of Technology in 1964 where he worked under Roger Sperry with primary responsibility for initiating human split-brain research.

== Achievements ==
Director of the Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience, President of the Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, Member of the, President's Council on Bioethics, Editor-in-Chief Emeritus of the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Founded the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Fellow of the Advancement of Science, the American Neurological Association, American, Psychological Association, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and awarded a National Institute of Physiology

== Publications ==
The Social Brain, Mind Matters, Nature's Mind, The Cognitive Neurosciences III, and The Ethical Brain which was published in 2005

His teaching and research career include the following: The University of California at Davis, Dartmouth Medical School, The State University of New York at Stony Brook, NYU of graduate school, and University of California, Santa Barbara

Michael Gazzaniga is currently a professor at Dartmouth College and Director of the Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and special assistant to the Provost for Science Development at Dartmouth. He is married and has 5 daughters and a son.

== References ==
[http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2005/02/images/gazzaniga.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2005/02/01.html&h=277&w=225&sz=22&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=_JDbfGAILbVrUM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=93&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmichael%2Bgazzaniga%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN]
[http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/~gazzanig/]
[http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/people/faculty/gazzaniga/index.php]

Michael Gazzaniga

Mfrench — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 20:25:19 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]
[[Image:gazzaniga.jpg]]

Michael Gazzaniga is one of the worlds leading neuroscientists. He is a psychology professor at the University of California Santa Barbara and director for the SAGE Center for the Study of Mind. His research focuses on patients that have undergone split-brain surgery and that have revealed lateralization of functions across the cerebral hemispheres. He has advanced our understanding of functional lateralization in the brain and how the cerebral hemispheres communicate with one another.

== History ==
Gazzaniga was born on December 12, 1939. As a child, he was always fascinated with examining things and even set up his own laboratory in his garage in high school to study the enzymes of rabbit muscle. His father, brothers, and sisters all loved to meddle around with surgical procedures as well. With this interest of his, he received a summer fellowship from Roger W Sperry at Caltech where he studied nerve growth. He later went on to Dartmouth for undergradate school and graduated 1961 and received a Ph.D in psychobiology from the California Institute of Technology in 1964 where he worked under Roger Sperry with primary responsibility for initiating human split-brain research.

== Achievements ==
Director of the Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience, President of the Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, Member of the, President's Council on Bioethics, Editor-in-Chief Emeritus of the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Founded the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Fellow of the Advancement of Science, the American Neurological Association, American, Psychological Association, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and awarded a National Institute of Physiology

== Publications ==
The Social Brain, Mind Matters, Nature's Mind, The Cognitive Neurosciences III, and The Ethical Brain which was published in 2005

His teaching and research career include the following: The University of California at Davis, Dartmouth Medical School, The State University of New York at Stony Brook, NYU of graduate school, and University of California, Santa Barbara

Michael Gazzaniga is currently a professor at Dartmouth College and Director of the Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and special assistant to the Provost for Science Development at Dartmouth. He is married and has 5 daughters and a son.

== References ==
[http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2005/02/images/gazzaniga.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2005/02/01.html&h=277&w=225&sz=22&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=_JDbfGAILbVrUM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=93&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmichael%2Bgazzaniga%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN]
[http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/~gazzanig/]
[http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/people/faculty/gazzaniga/index.php]

Schizophrenia

Mfrench — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 20:14:03 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]
Schizophrenia (from the Greek roots schizein "to split" and phrēn "mind") is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder that affects almost 2 percent of the U.S. population in their lifetime. This mental illness is characterized by impairments in perception that include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized behavior. Unlike some speculations, schizophrenia does not mean "split personality". Schizophrenia affects both men and women, men usually earlier than women, anywhere from the late teens to early thirties. Rare cases of schizophrenia have also been reported in children.

At the beginning, schizophrenia was characterized in three ways which were disorganized, catatonic and paranoid. Now there have grown to be 5 sub-classifications that go into diagnosing schizophrenia which include: disorganized (hebephrenic), catatonic, paranoid, residual, and undifferentiated.

There are many areas of the brain that are affected when schizophrenia is detected. The basal ganglia which is involved in movement, emotions, and sensory information, can lead to hallucinations and paranoia. In the frontal lobe that controls problem-solving and critical thinking, difficutly in planning and organizing thoughts may occur. The limbic system that is involved with emotions can contribute to agitation. The learning and memory part of the brain, or the hippocampus, can be affected. The occipital lobe, or the visual part of our brain, can also lead to hallucinations. Also, the auditory system that allows us to understand speech, can create auditory hallucinations.

== Symptoms & Signs ==
There are positve (productive) and negative (deficit) symptoms of schizophrenia. Positive symptoms include the following:
psychotic episodes, which is a displacement from what is real and unreal; delusions, or false judgements or beliefs; hallucinations, which are strong subjective perceptions of an object or event which is non-existent that may affect any or all sensory perceptions; disorganized speech or behavior, and thought disorder or cognitive dysfuntion. Negative symptoms on the other hand include: social and occupational dysfunction, lack of motivation, withdrawl, and loss of concentration, loss of emotional tone or reaction, and the inability to articulate. For schizophrenia to be taken into consideration, symptoms should be evident for about 6 months. Eugen Bleuler, who originated the term schizophrenia, referred to it as a split between subjective feeling, or affect, and the thought being experienced.

== Treatments ==
Although, schizophrenia has been seen to have genetic factors, there is still no determination of what causes this disease. However, there are many medications, such as antipsychotic medication, that help reduce the symptoms so schizophrenic people can live a happy and independent life. Along with medication, there is also what is called supplemental therapies which include psychosocial or cognitive therapy, rehabilitation day programs, peer support groups, and nutritional supplements that can help. More intense therapies are electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). A healthy diet and even amino acids and antioxidant vitamins such as glycine or sarcosine supplements can be used at treatments.

== History ==

The term schizophrenia is a relatively new word that originated less than 100 years ago, however, the disease has been said to have been around for all mankind. Schizophrenia was first identified as an actual mental illness by Dr. Emile Kraepelin in 1887 but he described the disease as "dementia praecox". It wasn't until 1911 that a Swiss psychiatrist named Eugen Bleuler named the actual disease as schizophrenia. Since then, the definition of schizophrenia continues to change as we learn more about this mental illness.

== References ==
[http://www.schizophrenia.com/]
[http://www.medicinenet.com/schizophrenia/article.htm]

Michael Gazzaniga

Mfrench — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 20:10:39 GMT

Mfrench:

Michael Gazzaniga

Mfrench — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 20:07:26 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]
[[Image:http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2005/02/images/gazzaniga.jpg]]
Michael Gazzaniga is one of the worlds leading neuroscientists. He is a psychology professor at the University of California Santa Barbara and director for the SAGE Center for the Study of Mind. His research focuses on patients that have undergone split-brain surgery and that have revealed lateralization of functions across the cerebral hemispheres. He has advanced our understanding of functional lateralization in the brain and how the cerebral hemispheres communicate with one another.

== History ==
Gazzaniga was born on December 12, 1939. As a child, he was always fascinated with examining things and even set up his own laboratory in his garage in high school to study the enzymes of rabbit muscle. His father, brothers, and sisters all loved to meddle around with surgical procedures as well. With this interest of his, he received a summer fellowship from Roger W Sperry at Caltech where he studied nerve growth. He later went on to Dartmouth for undergradate school and graduated 1961 and received a Ph.D in psychobiology from the California Institute of Technology in 1964 where he worked under Roger Sperry with primary responsibility for initiating human split-brain research.

== Achievements ==
Director of the Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience, President of the Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, Member of the, President's Council on Bioethics, Editor-in-Chief Emeritus of the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Founded the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Fellow of the Advancement of Science, the American Neurological Association, American, Psychological Association, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and awarded a National Institute of Physiology

== Publications ==
The Social Brain, Mind Matters, Nature's Mind, The Cognitive Neurosciences III, and The Ethical Brain which was published in 2005

His teaching and research career include the following: The University of California at Davis, Dartmouth Medical School, The State University of New York at Stony Brook, NYU of graduate school, and University of California, Santa Barbara

Michael Gazzaniga is currently a professor at Dartmouth College and Director of the Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and special assistant to the Provost for Science Development at Dartmouth. He is married and has 5 daughters and a son.

Tower of London test

Mfrench — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 05:04:11 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]
The Tower of London test is a widely used neuropsychological task that assesses a person's planning ability and executive funtions. This test was developed by Shallice in 1982 to investigate problem solving in subjects with damage to the frontal lobes and executive functions of visuospatial planning as well as problem solving. Originally, this test was developed for adults but it is now also being used on children.

The Tower of London test consists of a board with usually 4 pegs and several colored beads. The person being examined is typically given an arrangement of the beads that they are to duplicate in as few moves as possible. Along with problem-solving, an emphais of this testing process is on spatial working memory.

[[Image:http://www.neurolearning.com/images/spatia3.jpg]]

This test is most commonly used on people with frontal lobe damage and has been useful in testing people with [[Alzheimer's disease]] and [[Schizophrenia]].

== References ==
[http://www.catstests.com/prod03.htm]
[http://www.abdn.ac.uk/~psy165/dept/papers/phillips%20memory%20TOL.pdf]

Tower of London test

Mfrench — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 04:38:45 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]
The Tower of London test is a widely used neuropsychological task that assesses a person's planning ability and executive funtions. This test was developed by Shallice in 1982 to investigate problem solving in subjects with damage to the frontal lobes and executive functions of visuospatial planning as well as problem solving. Originally, this test was developed for adults but it is now also being used on children.

The Tower of London test consists of a board with usually 4 pegs and several colored beads. The person being examined is typically given an arrangement of the beads that they are to duplicate in as few moves as possible. Along with problem-solving, an emphais of this testing process is on spatial working memory.

[[http://www.neurolearning.com/images/spatia3.jpg]]

This test is most commonly used on people with frontal lobe damage and has been useful in testing people with [[Alzheimer's disease]] and [[Schizophrenia]].

== References ==
[http://www.catstests.com/prod03.htm]
[http://www.abdn.ac.uk/~psy165/dept/papers/phillips%20memory%20TOL.pdf]

Tower of London test

Mfrench — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 04:36:24 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]
The Tower of London test is a widely used neuropsychological task that assesses a person's planning ability and executive funtions. This test was developed by Shallice in 1982 to investigate problem solving in subjects with damage to the frontal lobes and executive functions of visuospatial planning as well as problem solving. Originally, this test was developed for adults but it is now also being used on children.

The Tower of London test consists of a board with usually 4 pegs and several colored beads. The person being examined is typically given an arrangement of the beads that they are to duplicate in as few moves as possible. Along with problem-solving, an emphais of this testing process is on spatial working memory.

This test is most commonly used on people with frontal lobe damage and has been useful in testing people with [[Alzheimer's disease]] and [[Schizophrenia]].

== References ==
[http://www.catstests.com/prod03.htm]
[http://www.abdn.ac.uk/~psy165/dept/papers/phillips%20memory%20TOL.pdf]

Gaser and Schlaug (2003)

Mfrench — Fri, 25 Apr 2008 01:11:10 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Plasticity Symposium]]
Presentation by: Brittany Pease & Matt Wentworth

== Introduction ==
• Playing a musical instrument usually requires the simultaneous integration of multimodal sensory and motor information with multimodal sensory feedback mechanisms to monitor performance.
• Unclear if repetition of a skill over time could create changes in brain structure.
• They applied an optimized method of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to see whether structural brain differences exist between professional musicians, amateur musicians, and non musicians that differed in musician status and practice intensity.

== Methods & Materials ==
• 20 male professional musicians, 20 male amateur musicians, and 40 non-musicians participated in this study; ages 18-40.
• All musicians were keyboard players
• Professional musicians were considered performing artists, full-time music teachers, or full-time conservatory students with an average of at least 1 hour of daily practice.
• Amateur musicians were defined as played a musical instrument regularly but had a profession outside of music.
• Non-musicians were defined as never played an instrument.
• Images of the whole brain were analyzed using a VBM for analysis of local gray matter volume differences
• Registered each image to the International Consortium for Brain Mapping template
• Using a modified mixture model cluster analysis, normalized images were corrected for nonuniformities in signal intensity and partitioned into gray and white matter, CSF, and background.
• Applied a series of morphological erosions and dilations to the segmented images.
• The resulting gray and white matter images were smoothed with a Gaussian kernel
• To search for gray and white matter differences between the 3 groups, voxel-by-voxel t tests using the general linear model were used

== Results ==
• A significant positive correlation between musician status and increase in gray matter volume were found in perirolandic regions including primary motor and somatosensory areas, premotor areas, anterior superior parietal areas, and in the inferior temporal gyrus bilaterally
• Gray matter volume was highest in professional musicians and lowest in non-musicians
• There was a positive correlation with musician status seen in the left cerebellum and left inferior frontal gyrus.
• There were no areas showing a significant decrease in gray matter volume in relation to musician status.
• The location of the maximum voxels and the extent of the clusters varied slightly from the main analysis

== Discussion ==
• The results suggest a pattern of differences in the gray matter distribution between professional musicians, amateur musicians, and non-musicians that involve motor, auditory, and visual regions.
• Structural differences were found in the left Heschl’s gyrus.
• No differences between musicians without absolute pitch and non-musicians in PT size or right-left asymmetry.
• The superior parietal lobe was found to play an important role in sight-reading
• A strong increase in gray matter volume related to musician status in the inferior temporal gyrus was found
• There are 2 explanations for the lack a finding in the white matter: 1) most of the presumed plastic changes do occur in the cerebral gray matter or 2) the VBM method is insensitive to white matter differences
• A direct comparison between professional and the non-musicians showed subtle differences in the extent and maximum signal values.
• Hypothesis was supported that a monotonic relationship between musician status and gray matter volumes and the cerebellum may be sensitive for showing a monotonic effect.
• This study showed strong links between specialized skills and certain brain structures

== Future Research ==
Would there be structural brain differences between a professional musician who has been playing a musical instrument since childhood and one that started playing in early adulthood?

Gaser and Schlaug (2003)

Mfrench — Fri, 25 Apr 2008 01:00:18 GMT

Mfrench:

Gaser and Schlaug (2003)

Mfrench — Fri, 25 Apr 2008 00:05:48 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Plasticity Symposium]]
Presentation by: Brittany Pease & Matt Wentworth

== Introduction ==

-Unclear if repetition of a skill over time could create changes in brain structure.
-They applied an optimized method of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to see whether structural brain differences exist between professional muscicians, amateur musicians, and non musicians that differed in musician status and and practice intensity.

Inferior parietal lobule

Mfrench — Thu, 24 Apr 2008 22:48:20 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Brain areas]]
The inferior parietal lobule (IPL) is the multi-model assimilation area of the parital lobe and is concerned with multiple aspects of sensory processing and sensorimotor integration. This area is located below the horizontal portion of the intraparietal sulcus and behind the lower part of the postcentral sulcus. It contains the angular sulcus which is a lobule bypassing the ascending posterior segment and the supramarginal gyri which is an arched lobule surrounding the end of the lateral fissure.

The IPL is considered to be a multimodal sensory association area because a single inferior parietal neuron receives input from areas associated with visual, auditory, movement, and somesthetic. This is why the IPL is important for organization, labeling and multiple categorization of sensory-motor and conceptual events. This is how we are able to label an object simultaneously as not only a word, but a visual object and other aspects. The IPL is also known to be involved in oculomotor and attentional mechanisms, the establishment of maps of extrapersonal space, and the adaptive recalibration of eye-hand coordination. The left IPL becomes activated when reading during semantic processing and when generating words or making syllable judgments. The IPL seems to become activated during short-term memory and word retrieval and becomes highly active when retrieving the meaning of words during semantic processing and semnatic decision tasks.

== Damage to the Inferior parietal lobule ==

Damage to this area can lead to anomia, which is a condition of having difficulty with naming and describing objects or pictures. Also, pure blindness can occur if damage occurs between the fiber pathways linking the left inferior parietal lobule with the visual cortex. Another possibility due to IPL damage is aphasia because this region transfers information from [[Wernickes area]] to [[Broca's area]]. Deficits in spatial perception can also be a result of damage.

Of all the cortical regions, the IPL is one of the last to mature functionally and anatomically.

== References ==
[http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/16/6283]
[http://brainmind.com/AngularGyrus.html]

Inferior parietal lobule

Mfrench — Thu, 24 Apr 2008 22:42:29 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Brain areas]]
The inferior parietal lobule (IPL) is the multi-model assimilation area of the parital lobe and is concerned with multiple aspects of sensory processing and sensorimotor integration. This area is located below the horizontal portion of the intraparietal sulcus and behind the lower part of the postcentral sulcus. It contains the angular sulcus which is a lobule bypassing the ascending posterior segment and the supramarginal gyri which is an arched lobule surrounding the end of the lateral fissure.

The IPL is considered to be a multimodal sensory association area because a single inferior parietal neuron receives input from areas associated with visual, auditory, movement, and somesthetic. This is why the IPL is important for organization, labeling and multiple categorization of sensory-motor and conceptual events. This is how we are able to label an object simultaneously as not only a word, but a visual object and other aspects. The IPL is also known to be involved in oculomotor and attentional mechanisms, the establishment of maps of extrapersonal space, and the adaptive recalibration of eye-hand coordination. The left IPL becomes activated when reading during semantic processing and when generating words or making syllable judgments. The IPL seems to become activated during short-term memory and word retrieval and becomes highly active when retrieving the meaning of words during semantic processing and semnatic decision tasks.

Damage to this area can lead to anomia, which is a condition of having difficulty with naming and describing objects or pictures. Also, pure blindness can occur if damage occurs between the fiber pathways linking the left inferior parietal lobule with the visual cortex. Another possibility due to IPL damage is aphasia because this region transfers information from [[Wernickes area]] to Broca's area. Deficits in spatial perception can also be a result of damage.

Of all the cortical regions, the IPL is one of the last to mature functionally and anatomically.

== References ==
[http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/16/6283]
[http://brainmind.com/AngularGyrus.html]

Inferior parietal lobule

Mfrench — Thu, 24 Apr 2008 22:35:46 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Brain areas]]
The inferior parietal lobule (IPL) is the multi-model assimilation area of the parital lobe and is concerned with multiple aspects of sensory processing and sensorimotor integration. This area is located below the horizontal portion of the intraparietal sulcus and behind the lower part of the postcentral sulcus. It contains the angular sulcus which is a lobule bypassing the ascending posterior segment and the supramarginal gyri which is an arched lobule surrounding the end of the lateral fissure.

The IPL is considered to be a multimodal sensory association area because a single inferior parietal neuron receives input from areas associated with visual, auditory, movement, and somesthetic. This is why the IPL is important for organization, labeling and multiple categorization of sensory-motor and conceptual events. This is how we are able to label an object simultaneously as not only a word, but a visual object and other aspects. The IPL is also known to be involved in oculomotor and attentional mechanisms, the establishment of maps of extrapersonal space, and the adaptive recalibration of eye-hand coordination. The left IPL becomes activated when reading during semantic processing and when generating words or making syllable judgments. The IPL seems to become activated during short-term memory and word retrieval and becomes highly active when retrieving the meaning of words during semantic processing and semnatic decision tasks.

Damage to this area can lead to anomia, which is a condition of having difficulty with naming and describing objects or pictures. Also, pure blindness can occur if damage occurs between the fiber pathways linking the left inferior parietal lobule with the visual cortex. Another possibility due to IPL damage is aphasia because this region transfers information from Wernickes region to Broca's area. Deficits in spatial perception can also be a result of damage.

Of all the cortical regions, the IPL is one of the last to mature functionally and anatomically.

== References ==
[http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/16/6283]
[http://brainmind.com/AngularGyrus.html]

Inferior parietal lobule

Mfrench — Thu, 24 Apr 2008 22:27:51 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Brain areas]]
The inferior parietal lobule (IPL) is the multi-model assimilation area of the parital lobe and is concerned with multiple aspects of sensory processing and sensorimotor integration. This area is located below the horizontal portion of the intraparietal sulcus and behind the lower part of the postcentral sulcus. It contains the angular sulcus which is a lobule bypassing the ascending posterior segment and the supramarginal gyri which is an arched lobule surrounding the end of the lateral fissure.

The IPL is considered to be a multimodal sensory association area because a single inferior parietal neuron receives input from areas associated with visual, auditory, movement, and somesthetic. This is why the IPL is important for organization, labeling and multiple categorization of sensory-motor and conceptual events. This is how we are able to label an object simultaneously as not only a word, but a visual object and other aspects. The IPL is also known to be involved in oculomotor and attentional mechanisms, the establishment of maps of extrapersonal space, and the adaptive recalibration of eye-hand coordination. The left IPL becomes activated when reading during semantic processing and when generating words or making syllable judgments. The IPL seems to become activated during short-term memory and word retrieval and becomes highly active when retrieving the meaning of words during semantic processing and semnatic decision tasks.

Damage to this area can lead to anomia, which is a condition of having difficulty with naming and describing objects or pictures. Pure blindness can occur if damage occurs between the fiber pathways linking the left inferior parietal lobule with the visual cortex. Aphasia can also be a result if the IPL is damaged because this region transfers information from Wernickes region to Broca's area.

Of all the cortical regions, the IPL is one of the last to mature functionally and anatomically.

== References ==
[http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/16/6283]
[http://brainmind.com/AngularGyrus.html]

Inferior parietal lobule

Mfrench — Thu, 24 Apr 2008 22:24:38 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Brain areas]]
The inferior parietal lobule (IPL) is the multi-model assimilation area of the parital lobe and is concernced with multiple aspects of sensory processing and sensorimotor integration. This area is located below the horizontal portion of the intraparietal sulcus and behind the lower part of the postcentral sulcus. It contains the angular sulcus which is a lobule bypassing the ascending posterior segment and the supramarginal gyri which is an arched lobule surrounding the end of the lateral fissure.

The IPL is considered to be a multimodel sensory association area because a single inferior parietal neuron receives input from areas associated with visual, auditory, movement, and somesthetic. This is why the IPL is important for organization, labeling and multiple categorization of sensory-motor and conceptual events. This is how we are able to label an object simultaneously as not only a word, but a visual object and other aspects. The IPL is also known to be involved in oculomotor and attentional mechanisms, the establishment of maps of extrapersonal space, and the adaptive recalibration of eye-hand coordination. The left IPL becomes activated when reading during semantic processing and when generating words or making syllable judgements. The IPL seems to become activated during short-term memory and word retrieval and becomes highly active when retrieving the meaning of words during semantic processing and semnatic decision tasks.

Damage to this area can lead to anomia, which is a condition of having difficulty with naming and describing objects or pictures. Pure blindness can occur if damage occurs between the fiber pathways linking the left inferior parietal lobule with the visual cortex. Aphasia can also be a result if the IPL is damaged because this region transfers information from Wernickes region to Broca's area.

Of all the corical regions, the IPL is one of the last to mature functionally and anatomically.

== References ==
[http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/16/6283]
[http://brainmind.com/AngularGyrus.html]

Inferior parietal lobule

Mfrench — Thu, 24 Apr 2008 22:23:14 GMT

Mfrench:

Inferior parietal lobule

Mfrench — Thu, 24 Apr 2008 22:08:15 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Brain areas]]
The inferior parietal lobule (IPL) is the lower part of the parital lobe and is concernced with multiple aspects of sensory processing and sensorimotor integration. This area is located below the horizontal portion of the intraparietal sulcus and behind the lower part of the postcentral sulcus. It contains the angular sulcus which is a lobule bypassing the ascending posterior segment and the supramarginal gyri which is an arched lobule surrounding the end of the lateral fissure.

The IPL is considered to be a multimodel sensory association area and is known to be involved in oculomotor and attentional mechanisms, the establishment of maps of extrapersonal space, and the adaptive recalibration of eye-hand coordination. It is also involved in naming. The left IPL becomes activated when reading during semantic processing and when generating words or making syllable judgements. The IPL seems to become activated during short-term memory and word retrieval and becomes highly active when retrieving the meaning of words during semantic processing and semnatic decision tasks.

Damage to this area can lead to anomia, which is a condition of having difficulty with naming and describing objects or pictures. Pure blindness can also can also occur if damager occurs between the fiber pathways linking the left inferior parietal lobule with the visual cortex.

Of all the corical regions, the IPL is one of the last to mature functionally and anatomically.

== References ==
[http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/16/6283]

Inferior parietal lobule

Mfrench — Thu, 24 Apr 2008 16:53:18 GMT

Mfrench:

Inferior parietal lobule

Mfrench — Thu, 24 Apr 2008 15:51:30 GMT

Mfrench:

Schizophrenia

Mfrench — Wed, 23 Apr 2008 04:50:16 GMT

Mfrench:

Schizophrenia

Mfrench — Wed, 23 Apr 2008 04:29:24 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]
Schizophrenia (from the Greek roots schizein "to split" and phrēn "mind") is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder that affects about 1.1 percent of the U.S. population in their lifetime. This mental illness is characterized by impairments in perception that include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized behavior. Unlike some speculations, schizophrenia does not mean "split personality". Schizophrenia affects both men and women, men usually earlier than women, anywhere from the late teens to early thirties. Rare cases of schizophrenia have also been reported in children.

At the beginning, schizophrenia was characterized in three ways which were disorganized, catatonic and paranoid. Now there have grown to be 5 sub-classifications that go into diagnosing schizophrenia which include: disorganized (hebephrenic), catatonic, paranoid, residual, and undifferentiated.

== Symptoms & Signs ==
There are positve (productive) and negative (deficit) symptoms of schizophrenia. Positive symptoms include the following:
psychotic episodes, which is a displacement from what is real and unreal; delusions, or false judgements or beliefs; hallucinations, which are strong subjective perceptions of an object or event which is non-existent that may affect any or all sensory perceptions; disorganized speech or behavior, and thought disorder or cognitive dysfuntion. Negative symptoms on the other hand include: social and occupational dysfunction, lack of motivation, withdrawl, and loss of concentration, loss of emotional tone or reaction, and the inability to articulate. For schizophrenia to be taken into consideration, symptoms should be evident for about 6 months. Eugen Bleuler, who originated the term schizophrenia, referred to it as a split between subjective feeling, or affect, and the thought being experienced.

== Treatments ==
Although, schizophrenia has been seen to have genetic factors, there is still no determination of what causes this disease. However, there are many medications, such as antipsychotic medication, that help reduce the symptoms so schizophrenic people can live a happy and independent life. Along with medication, there is also what is called supplemental therapies which include psychosocial or cognitive therapy, rehabilitation day programs, peer support groups, and nutritional supplements that can help. More intense therapies are electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). A healthy diet and even amino acids and antioxidant vitamins such as glycine or sarcosine supplements can be used at treatments.

== History ==

The term schizophrenia is a relatively new word that originated less than 100 years ago, however, the disease has been said to have been around for all mankind. Schizophrenia was first identified as an actual mental illness by Dr. Emile Kraepelin in 1887 but he described the disease as "dementia praecox". It wasn't until 1911 that a Swiss psychiatrist named Eugen Bleuler named the actual disease as schizophrenia. Since then, the definition of schizophrenia continues to change as we learn more about this mental illness.

Michael Gazzaniga

Mfrench — Wed, 23 Apr 2008 03:27:54 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]
Michael Gazzaniga is one of the worlds leading neuroscientists. He is a psychology professor at the University of California Santa Barbara and director for the SAGE Center for the Study of Mind. His research focuses on patients that have undergone split-brain surgery and that have revealed lateralization of functions across the cerebral hemispheres. He has advanced our understanding of functional lateralization in the brain and how the cerebral hemispheres communicate with one another.

== History ==
Gazzaniga was born on December 12, 1939. As a child, he was always fascinated with examining things and even set up his own laboratory in his garage in high school to study the enzymes of rabbit muscle. His father, brothers, and sisters all loved to meddle around with surgical procedures as well. With this interest of his, he received a summer fellowship from Roger W Sperry at Caltech where he studied nerve growth. He later went on to Dartmouth for undergradate school and graduated 1961 and received a Ph.D in psychobiology from the California Institute of Technology in 1964 where he worked under Roger Sperry with primary responsibility for initiating human split-brain research.

== Achievements ==
Director of the Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience, President of the Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, Member of the, President's Council on Bioethics, Editor-in-Chief Emeritus of the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Founded the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Fellow of the Advancement of Science, the American Neurological Association, American, Psychological Association, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and awarded a National Institute of Physiology

== Publications ==
The Social Brain, Mind Matters, Nature's Mind, The Cognitive Neurosciences III, and The Ethical Brain which was published in 2005

His teaching and research career include the following: The University of California at Davis, Dartmouth Medical School, The State University of New York at Stony Brook, NYU of graduate school, and University of California, Santa Barbara

Michael Gazzaniga is currently a professor at Dartmouth College and Director of the Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and special assistant to the Provost for Science Development at Dartmouth. He is married and has 5 daughters and a son.

Michael Gazzaniga

Mfrench — Wed, 23 Apr 2008 03:26:35 GMT

Mfrench:

Michael Gazzaniga

Mfrench — Wed, 23 Apr 2008 03:26:15 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]
Michael Gazzaniga is one of the worlds leading neuroscientists. He is a psychology professor at the University of California Santa Barbara and director for the SAGE Center for the Study of Mind. His research focuses on patients that have undergone split-brain surgery and that have revealed lateralization of functions across the cerebral hemispheres. He has made advanced our understanding of functional lateralization in the brain and how the cerebral hemispheres communicate with one another.

== History ==
Gazzaniga was born on December 12, 1939. As a child, he was always fascinated with examining things and even set up his own laboratory in his garage in high school to study the enzymes of rabbit muscle. His father, brothers, and sisters all loved to meddle around with surgical procedures as well. With this interest of his, he received a summer fellowship from Roger W Sperry at Caltech where he studied nerve growth. He later went on to Dartmouth for undergradate school and graduated 1961 and received a Ph.D in psychobiology from the California Institute of Technology in 1964 where he worked under Roger Sperry with primary responsibility for initiating human split-brain research.

== Achievements ==
Director of the Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience, President of the Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, Member of the, President's Council on Bioethics, Editor-in-Chief Emeritus of the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Founded the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Fellow of the Advancement of Science, the American Neurological Association, American, Psychological Association, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and awarded a National Institute of Physiology

== Publications ==
The Social Brain, Mind Matters, Nature's Mind, The Cognitive Neurosciences III, and The Ethical Brain which was published in 2005

His teaching and research career include the following: The University of California at Davis, Dartmouth Medical School, The State University of New York at Stony Brook, NYU of graduate school, and University of California, Santa Barbara

Michael Gazzaniga is currently a professor at Dartmouth College and Director of the Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and special assistant to the Provost for Science Development at Dartmouth. He is married and has 5 daughters and a son.

Michael Gazzaniga

Mfrench — Wed, 23 Apr 2008 03:13:38 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]
Michael Gazzaniga is one of the worlds leading neuroscientists. He is a psychology professor at the University of California Santa Barbara and director for the SAGE Center for the Study of Mind. His research focuses on patients that have undergone split-brain surgery and that have revealed lateralization of functions across the cerebral hemispheres. He has made advanced our understanding of functional lateralization in the brain and how the cerebral hemispheres communicate with one another.

== History ==
Gazzaniga was born on December 12, 1939. As a child, he was always fascinated with examining things and even set up his own laboratory in his garage in high school to study the enzymes of rabbit muscle. His father, brothers, and sisters all loved to meddle around with surgical procedures as well. With this interest of his, he received a summer fellowship from Roger W Sperry at Caltech where he studied nerve growth. He later went on to Dartmouth for undergradate school and graduated 1961 and received a Ph.D in psychobiology from the California Institute of Technology in 1964 where he worked under Roger Sperry with primary responsibility for initiating human split-brain research.

== Achievements ==
Director of the Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience
President of the Cognitive Neuroscience Institute
Member of the President's Council on Bioethics
Editor-in-Chief Emeritus of the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Founded the Cognitive Neuroscience Society
Fellow of the Advancement of Science, the American Neurological Association, American Psychological Association, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Awarded a National Institute of Physiology

== Publications ==
The Social Brain
Mind Matters
Nature's Mind
The Cognitive Neurosciences III
The Ethical Brain - published in 2005

Michael Gazzaniga

Mfrench — Wed, 23 Apr 2008 03:06:02 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]
Michael Gazzaniga is one of the world's leading neuroscientists. He is a psychology professor at the University of California Santa Barbara and director for the SAGE Center for the Study of Mind. His research focuses on patients that have undergone split-brain surgery and that have revealed lateralization of functions across the cerebral hemispheres.

== History ==
Gazzaniga was born on December 12, 1939. As a child, he was always fascinated with examining things and even set up his own laboratory in his garage in high school to study the enzymes of rabbit muscle. His father, brothers, and sisters all loved to meddle around with surgical procedures as well. With this interest of his, he received a summer fellowship from Roger W Sperry at Caltech where he studied nerve growth. He later graduated from Dartmouth in 1961 and received a Ph.D in psychobiology from the California Institute of Technology in 1964 where he worked under Roger Sperry with primary responsibility for initiating human split-brain research.

Schizophrenia

Mfrench — Wed, 23 Apr 2008 02:48:28 GMT

Mfrench:

Schizophrenia

Mfrench — Wed, 23 Apr 2008 02:47:26 GMT

Mfrench:

Tower of London test

Mfrench — Wed, 23 Apr 2008 02:38:06 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]
The Tower of London test is a widely used neuropsychological task that assesses a person's planning ability and executive funtions. This test was developed by Shallice in 1982 to investigate problem solving in subjects with damage to the frontal lobes and executive functions of visuospatial planning as well as problem solving. Originally, this test was developed for adults but it is now also being used on children.

The Tower of London test consists of a board with usually 4 pegs and several colored beads. The person being examined is typically given an arrangement of the beads that they are to duplicate in as few moves as possible. Along with problem-solving, an emphais of this testing process is on spatial working memory.

This test is most commonly used on people with frontal lobe damage and has been useful in testing people with [[Alzheimer's disease]] and [[Schizophrenia]].

Tower of London test

Mfrench — Wed, 23 Apr 2008 02:36:07 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]
The Tower of London test is a widely used neuropsychological task that assesses a person's planning ability and executive funtions. This test was developed by Shallice in 1982 to investigate problem solving in subjects with damage to the frontal lobes and executive functions of visuospatial planning and problem solving. Originally, this test was developed for adults but it is now also being used on children.

The Tower of London test consists of a board with usually 4 pegs and several colored beads. The person being examined is typically given an arrangement of the beads that they are to duplicate in as few moves as possible. An emphais of this testing process is on spatial working memory.

This test is most commonly used on people with frontal lobe damage and has been useful in testing people with [[Alzheimer's disease]] and [[Schizophrenia]].

Tower of London test

Mfrench — Wed, 23 Apr 2008 02:27:55 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]
The Tower of London test is a widely used neuropsychological task that assesses a person's planning ability and executive funtions. This test was developed by Shallice in 1982 to investigate problem solving in subjects with damage to the frontal lobes and executive functions of visuospatial planning and problem solving. It was originally designed for adults and later children and an emphasis is on spatial working memory.

The Tower of London test consists of a board with usually 4 pegs and several colored beads. The person being examined is typically given an arrangement of the beads that they are to duplicate in as few moves as possible.

This test is most commonly used on people with frontal lobe damage and has been used to test people with [[Alzheimer's disease]] and [[Schizophrenia]].

Tower of London test

Mfrench — Wed, 23 Apr 2008 02:21:37 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]
The Tower of London test is a widely used neuropsychological task that tests a person's planning ability and executive funtions. This test was developed by Shallice in 1982 to investigate problem solving in subjects with damage to the frontal lobes and executive functions of visuospatial planning and problem solving.

The Tower of London test consists of a board with usually 4 pegs and several colored beads. The person being examined is given an arrangement of the beads that they are to duplicate in as few moves as possible.

Tower of London test

Mfrench — Wed, 23 Apr 2008 02:07:04 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]
The Tower of London test is a neurological task that tests a person's planning ability as well as executive funtions. This test was developed to test executive functions of visuospatial planning and problem solving, has frequently been used in neuropsychological experiments

Schizophrenia

Mfrench — Tue, 22 Apr 2008 05:20:20 GMT

Mfrench:

Schizophrenia

Mfrench — Tue, 22 Apr 2008 05:11:18 GMT

Mfrench:

Schizophrenia

Mfrench — Tue, 22 Apr 2008 04:38:30 GMT

Mfrench:

Schizophrenia

Mfrench — Tue, 22 Apr 2008 04:32:58 GMT

Mfrench:

Schizophrenia

Mfrench — Tue, 22 Apr 2008 04:21:17 GMT

Mfrench:

Schizophrenia

Mfrench — Tue, 22 Apr 2008 02:29:03 GMT

Mfrench:

Inferior parietal lobule

Mfrench — Mon, 21 Apr 2008 23:39:29 GMT

Mfrench:

[[Category:Brain areas]]
The inferior parietal lobule (IPL) is a region of the brain that is concernced with multiple aspects of sensory processing and sensorimotor integration. This area is located below the horizontal portion of the intraparietal sulcus and behind the lower part of the postcentral sulcus. It contains the angular sulcus which is a lobule bypassing the ascending posterior segment and the supramarginal gyri which is an arched lobule surrounding the end of the lateral fissure.

The IPL is considered to be a multimodel sensory association area and is known to be involved in oculomotor and attentional mechanisms, the establishment of maps of extrapersonal space, and the adaptive recalibration of eye-hand coordination.