Psy3241 - User contributions [en]

Posterior parietal cortex

Arichmond — Tue, 29 Apr 2008 03:36:49 GMT

Arichmond:

Posterior parietal cortex is related Brodmann's Areas 5, 7, 39 and 40 in humans. It receives a variety of inputs from other areas like the frontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, and teh cerebellum and basal ganglia. The information communicated relates to visual, auditory, somasthetic , limbic and motor output signals.

Damage to the posterior parietal cortex has resulted in neglect. Symptoms of neglect include not attending to a portion of the body.

http://sitemason.vanderbilt.edu/files/emleAo/Human%20brainM1PPC.GIF/main.gif

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ref: http://www.physiol.ox.ac.uk/~ket/ppc.html
[[Category:Brain areas]]

Nucleus basalis

Arichmond — Tue, 29 Apr 2008 03:26:35 GMT

Arichmond:

'''Nucleus basalis''' is a structure located in the forebrain. This structure contains a high level of cholinergic neurons or acetylcholine releasing neurons. These neurons play an important role in the parasympathetic nervous system.

The nucleus basalis has also been mentioned in relation to memory formation. By involving the nucleus basalis in the learning process it promotes memory storage. On the contrary, the loss of the cortical choline transfer is said to negatively affect memory storage as seen in Alzheimer's patients. Degeneration of the nucleus basalis is also said to occur in patients with Parkinson's disease.

It was named for Theodor Meynert.

http://thalamus.wustl.edu/course/hypo2.gif

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ref: encyclopedia.com

Induction of behavioral associative memory by
stimulation of the nucleus basalis
Dewey E. McLin III, Alexandre A. Miasnikov, and Norman M. Weinberge
Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory and Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3800
Communicated by James L. McGaugh, University of California, Irvine, CA, January 31, 2002 (received for review November 6, 2001)
[[Category:Brain areas]]

Franz Joseph Gall

Arichmond — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 22:13:26 GMT

Arichmond:

http://www.phrenology.com/franzjosephgall.gif

Born in 1758 at Tiefenbrunn near Pforzheim, Baden, Germany on March 9th.

Most notably, Franz Joseph Gall is known for being the father of phrenology. After completing his normal schooling he began studying medicine with J. Hermann at Strassburg. Not long after, Gall moved to Vienna to practice medicine. He became keenly interested in the abilities and talents of men with relation to the shape of their skull. Gall believed that you could determine a man's personality and abilities just by the shape of his skull. This is called phrenology.

He left Vienna in 1805 to tour Germany speaking about phrenology. After that, Gall moved to Paris where he became a practitioner. He continued his studies and published a number of books. He died in Paris on August 28, 1828.

Gall believed that the brain was composed of 27 seperate organs. Each organ was said to serve a purpose. He identified 19 areas of the brain that he believed served a function.

The instinct of reproduction (located in the cerebellum)

The love of one's offspring

Affection; friendship

The instinct of self-defence; courage; the tendency to get into fights. 5. The carnivorous instinct; the tendency to murder

Guile; acuteness; cleverness

The feeling of property; the instinct of stocking up on food (in animals); covetousness; the tendency to steal

Pride; arrogance; haughtiness; love of authority; loftiness

Vanity; ambition; love of glory (a quality "beneficent for the individual and for society")

Circumspection; forethought

The memory of things; the memory of facts; educability; perfectibility

The sense of places; of space proportions

The memory of people; the sense of people

The memory of words

The sense of language; of speech

The sense of colours

The sense of sounds; the gift of music

The sense of connectness between numbers

The sense of mechanics, of construction; the talent for architecture. 20. Comparative sagacity

The sense of metaphysics

The sense of satire; the sense of witticism

The poetical talent

Kindness; benevolence; gentleness; compassion; sensitivity; moral sense

The faculty to imitate; the mimic

The organ of religion

The firmness of purpose; constancy; perseverance; obstinacy.

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ref: http://www.phrenology.com/franzjosephgall.html

Localization of Brain Function: The Legacy of Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)
S Zola-Morgan
Annual Review of Neuroscience, Vol. 18: 359 -383 (Volume publication date March 1995)

[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]

Franz Joseph Gall

Arichmond — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 22:11:32 GMT

Arichmond:

Franz Joseph Gall

Arichmond — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 21:58:25 GMT

Arichmond:

Galvanic skin response

Arichmond — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 21:27:31 GMT

Arichmond:

The skin is a conductor of electricity. When there is an interaction between a person's environment and their physiological state a small electrical current moves through the body. This is called an '''electrodermal response''' (EDR). '''Galvanic skin response''' is one way of measuring these EDRs. Either skin resistance or skin conductance can be the measured variable.

When measuring GSR, a steady stream of low level voltage is applied to the individual's skin. This constant stream of voltage is undetectable and acts as a baseline. This baseline is identified as tonic skin conductance. When an environmental event occurs that occasions a reactioin a spike of energy appears on the display. This spike is called phasic skin conductance. Subtract the base line from this and you have the individuals GSR in microSiemens.

http://superpositioned.com/files/gsr.jpg http://members.aol.com/NeoNoetics/Img2.gif

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Cole, Pamela M, Zahn-Waxler, Carolyn, Fox, Nathan A, Usher, Barbara A, Welsh, Jean D. (1996). Individual differences in emotion regulation and behavior problems in preschool children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(4), 518-529.

ref:[www.iworx.com/LabExercises/lockedexercises/LockedGSRANL.pdf Chapter 8: Psychophysiology]

[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]

Cerebral akinetopsia

Arichmond — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 21:20:42 GMT

Arichmond:

'''Cerebral akinetopsia''' is a syndrome in which a person loses the ability to perceive visual motion due to damage in the visual cortex. A patient with akinetopsia may suffer from defective smooth pursuit eye movements, reaching for moving objects, and the identification of objects that are defined by movement cues. Akinetopsia is caused by lesions to the middle temporal area (MT) also known as V5.

[http://youtube.com/watch?v=B47Js1MtT4w Akinetopsia Video]

== L. M. ==

In the most famous case of akinetopsia, patient L. M. showed severe deficits in her visual processing of movement due to damage to bilateral damage in the posterior section of her cortex. L. M. ability to see moving objects was affected by the speed at which the objects were moving. Targets moving horizontally or vertically at or less than 10 to 14 degrees per second were visible. However, if objects moved faster than this, she reported them as being located at successive points instead of continuous movement.

== hemi-akinetopsia ==
Hemi-akinetopsia is when a patient suffers from akinetopsia in only one half of their visual field. This usually due to a stroke that affects the MT in either the left or right hemisphere.

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ref: Motion and shape perception in cerbral akinetopsia, Rizzo et al., Brain (1995), 118, pg. 1105-1127.

[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]

Cerebral akinetopsia

Arichmond — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 21:20:12 GMT

Arichmond:

'''Cerebral akinetopsia''' is a syndrome in which a person loses the ability to perceive visual motion due to damage in the visual cortex. A patient with akinetopsia may suffer from defective smooth pursuit eye movements, reaching for moving objects, and the identification of objects that are defined by movement cues. Akinetopsia is caused by lesions to the middle temporal area (MT) also known as V5.

[http://youtube.com/watch?v=B47Js1MtT4w Akinetopsia Video]

== L. M. ==

In the most famous case of akinetopsia, patient L. M. showed severe deficits in her visual processing of movement due to damage to bilateral damage in the posterior section of her cortex. L. M. ability to see moving objects was affected by the speed at which the objects were moving. Targets moving horizontally or vertically at or less than 10 to 14 degrees per second were visible. However, if objects moved faster than this, she reported them as being located at successive points instead of continuous movement.

== hemi-akinetopsia ==
Hemi-akinetopsia is when a patient suffers from akinetopsia in only one half of their visual field. This usually due to a stroke that affects the MT in either the left or right hemisphere.

ref: Motion and shape perception in cerbral akinetopsia, Rizzo et al., Brain (1995), 118, pg. 1105-1127.

[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]

Galvanic skin response

Arichmond — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 21:13:27 GMT

Arichmond:

The skin is a conductor of electricity. When there is an interaction between a person's environment and their physiological state a small electrical current moves through the body. This is called an '''electrodermal response''' (EDR). '''Galvanic skin response''' is one way of measuring these EDRs. Either skin resistance or skin conductance can be the measured variable.

When measuring GSR, a steady stream of low level voltage is applied to the individual's skin. This constant stream of voltage is undetectable and acts as a baseline. This baseline is identified as tonic skin conductance. When an environmental event occurs that occasions a reactioin a spike of energy appears on the display. This spike is called phasic skin conductance. Subtract the base line from this and you have the individuals GSR in microSiemens.

http://superpositioned.com/files/gsr.jpg http://members.aol.com/NeoNoetics/Img2.gif

ref:[www.iworx.com/LabExercises/lockedexercises/LockedGSRANL.pdf Chapter 8: Psychophysiology]

[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]

Galvanic skin response

Arichmond — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 21:10:49 GMT

Arichmond:

Galvanic skin response

Arichmond — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 21:08:21 GMT

Arichmond:

Galvanic skin response

Arichmond — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 21:03:35 GMT

Arichmond:

Galvanic skin response

Arichmond — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 21:02:34 GMT

Arichmond:

Galvanic skin response

Arichmond — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 21:01:24 GMT

Arichmond:

Galvanic skin response

Arichmond — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 20:40:54 GMT

Arichmond:

Giraud et al. (2001)

Arichmond — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 20:21:55 GMT

Arichmond:

[[Category:Plasticity Symposium]]

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== Cross-Modal Plasticity Underpins Clinical Study Language Recovery after Cochlear Implantation ==

Basically, in this study the cochlear implants restored hearing to the deaf participants by stimulating the auditory nerve with about sixteen electrodes. Cochlear patients must work hard to hear, mainly because their sound signal is usually deteriorated. After the procedure the patients take a while to get accustomed to their new hearing devices. In the time after their implant, patients must rely on lipreading in order to understand what they are hearing because their implant is unable to discriminate similar sounding words (i. e. duck/buck). Therefore, after a period of time in which the patient is lipreading to comprehend, visual cortex begins to activate when patients listen, even in purely auditory tasks (eyes closed). The amount of activity in the visual cortex was dependent on the amount of time the patient had their implant. The longer the time, the greater the amount of visual cortex activity when listening.
[http://blackboard.rollins.edu/courses/1/10301.PSY324.1.200801/content/_175427_1/Giraud_2001_Human_cochlear_implant_Neuron.pdf Link to the actual article by Giraud et al.]
[http://www.pbs.org/saf/1205/features/Interactive/intro1.htm WHAT IT'S LIKE TO HEAR WITH A COCHLEAR IMPLANT]

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[[Image:Implant_works.jpg]]

Giraud et al. (2001)

Arichmond — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 20:16:55 GMT

Arichmond:

Giraud et al. (2001)

Arichmond — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 20:16:16 GMT

Arichmond:

[[Category:Plasticity Symposium]]

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== Cross-Modal Plasticity Underpins Clinical Study Language Recovery after Cochlear Implantation ==

Basically, in this study the cochlear implants restored hearing to the deaf participants by stimulating the auditory nerve with about sixteen electrodes. Cochlear patients must work hard to hear, mainly because their sound signal is usually deteriorated. After the procedure the patients take a while to get accustomed to their new hearing devices. In the time after their implant, patients must rely on lipreading in order to understand what they are hearing because their implant is unable to discriminate similar sounding words (i. e. duck/buck). Therefore, after a period of time in which the patient is lipreading to comprehend, visual cortex begins to activate when patients listen, even in purely auditory tasks (eyes closed). The amount of activity in the visual cortex was dependent on the amount of time the patient had their implant. The longer the time the greater the amount of visual cortex activity when listening.
[http://blackboard.rollins.edu/courses/1/10301.PSY324.1.200801/content/_175427_1/Giraud_2001_Human_cochlear_implant_Neuron.pdf Link to the actual article by Giraud et al.]

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[[Image:Implant_works.jpg]]

Giraud et al. (2001)

Arichmond — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 20:14:46 GMT

Arichmond:

[[Category:Plasticity Symposium]]

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== Cross-Modal Plasticity Underpins Clinical Study Language Recovery after Cochlear Implantation ==

Basically, in this study the cochlear implants restored hearing to the deaf participants by stimulating the auditory nerve with about sixteen electrodes. Cochlear patients must work hard to hear, mainly because their sound signal is usually deteriorated. After the procedure the patients take a while to get accustomed to their new hearing devices. In the time after their implant, patients must rely on lipreading in order to understand what they are hearing because their implant is unable to discriminate similar sounding words (i. e. duck/buck). Therefore, after a period of time visual cortex begins to activate when patients listen, even in purely auditory tasks (eyes closed). The amount of activity in the visual cortex was dependent on the amount of time the patient had their implant. The longer the time the greater the amount of visual cortex activity when listening.
[http://blackboard.rollins.edu/courses/1/10301.PSY324.1.200801/content/_175427_1/Giraud_2001_Human_cochlear_implant_Neuron.pdf Link to the actual article by Giraud et al.]

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[[Image:Implant_works.jpg]]

Giraud et al. (2001)

Arichmond — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 20:11:46 GMT

Arichmond: /* Cross-Modal Plasticity Underpins Clinical Study Language Recovery after Cochlear Implantation */

[[Category:Plasticity Symposium]]

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== Cross-Modal Plasticity Underpins Clinical Study Language Recovery after Cochlear Implantation ==

Basically, in this study the cochlear implants restored hearing to the deaf participants by stimulating the auditory nerve with about sixteen electrodes. Cochlear patients must work hard to hear, mainly because their sound signal is usually deteriorated. After the procedure the patients take a while to get accustomed to their new hearing devices. In the time after their implant, patients must rely on lipreading in order to understand what they are because their implant is unable to discriminate similar sounding words (i. e. duck/buck). Therefore, after a period of time visual cortex begins to activate when patients listen, even in purely auditory tasks (eyes closed). Ultimately, they become good at hearing speech and their visual cortex is activated with sound.
[http://blackboard.rollins.edu/courses/1/10301.PSY324.1.200801/content/_175427_1/Giraud_2001_Human_cochlear_implant_Neuron.pdf Link to the actual article by Giraud et al.]

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[[Image:Implant_works.jpg]]

Cerebral akinetopsia

Arichmond — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 19:40:43 GMT

Arichmond:

Cerebral akinetopsia

Arichmond — Sun, 27 Apr 2008 21:25:11 GMT

Arichmond:

Cerebral akinetopsia

Arichmond — Sun, 27 Apr 2008 21:21:52 GMT

Arichmond: