http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/?feed=atom&target=Mewalsh&title=Special%3AContributions 2026-10-02T18:58:03Z From Psy3241 MediaWiki 1.15.1 http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Blindsight 2008-05-05T01:13:08Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;/* Blindtouch */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> <br /> == What it is. ==<br /> <br /> Blindsight is an extraordinary neuropsychological phenomenon that occurs after certain kinds of brain lesions, primarily in area V1, causing blindness. It is the ability to respond accurately (better than chance) to visual inputs given, without having the feeling or ability to see them. There are two types of Blindsight. The first type involves people that have no awareness of any objects projected into their blind region, but are able to correctly identify where the object is when pressed to do so. The second type of Blindsight involves people who have awareness of movement in their blind visual field, and are able to accurately ‘guess’ where the object is located. <br /> <br /> <br /> == How it happens ==<br /> <br /> The primary visual cortex is used for conscious vision. Damage to area V1, where the primary visual cortex is located, causes blindness in the opposite visual field of the hemisphere in which the damage was done. For Blindsight to be understood, vision must be understood. Visual processing occurs when ganglion cells of the retina send axons through the optic nerve to the lateral geniculate nucleus. The lateral geniculate nucleus is located in the thalamus and is a primary processor of visual information. It receives the visual information and then projects it to the primary visual cortex, or V1. Information from V1 is then sent to the secondary visual cortex and onto the occipital areas of the ventral and dorsal streams. The dorsal stream projects to the parietal lobe and the ventral stream sends information to the temporal lobe. Damage to the dorsal stream(area’s V3 and V5) causes cerebral akinetopsia (V5) and Balint’s syndrome. Damage to the ventral stream (area’s V4 and V8) causes cerebral achromotopsia (V4) and visual agnosia (V8). Thus it is clear that when there is damage to V1, the visual information processing stream is interrupted and visual deficits result. It is hypothesized that Blindsight and normal vision are controlled by other sections of the brain as a backup to the primary visual cortex. The superior colliculus, for instance, has been proven to take over some of the functions of the primary visual cortex. The superior colliculus supplies blindsighted individuals with the intrinsic feeling of where the object is in their blind visual field. It is used as a reflex for orienting eye and head movements towards something that is seen or heard. The only brain region though that allows for complete sight, local orientation, spatial frequency, and color properties within small receptive fields, is the primary visual cortex.<br /> <br /> == Blindtouch ==<br /> <br /> [http://espra.risc.cnrs.fr/PAILLARD%20165-localization-without-content%201983.pdf Localization without Content]<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/v8/psyche-8-02-faulkner.html</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Parkinson%27s_Disease 2008-04-29T06:07:16Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Parkinson's disease''' <br /> Also called: Paralysis agitans or Shaking palsy<br /> <br /> Parkinson's disease (PD)is a degenerative condition which affects neurons in the part of the brain that controls muscle movement. PD belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders. These disorders are categorized by the loss of neurons that make dopamine (chemical that sends signals to create movement). These cells either die or do not work properly. <br /> <br /> http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/PET_scan_Parkinson's_Disease.jpg <br /> <br /> <br /> == Common Symptoms ==<br /> Symptoms of PD include:<br /> -tremors or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face<br /> -stiffness of the limbs and trunk<br /> -movement slows<br /> -posture instable, impaired balance and coordination<br /> <br /> <br /> Other symptoms may include:<br /> <br /> -depression and other emotional changes<br /> -difficulty in swallowing<br /> -chewing<br /> -speaking<br /> -urinary problems or constipation<br /> -skin problems<br /> -disrupted sleep cycle<br /> <br /> These symptoms cause one to have trouble walking, talking and interfere with many other daily activities. Though it usually starts to affect people over 50 symptoms may start earlier. Early symptoms are subtle but progress over time, varying between patients.<br /> <br /> == Treatment ==<br /> Though PD can not be cured symptoms can be controlled or diminished with treatments such as medication, physical therapy and even diet and exercise can help. Working with a physical therapist can help improve walking and overall balance while working with a speech pathologist can help improve speech and swallowing. When life style changes aren't enough most doctors will recommend the use of medications. A form of therapy that can be used to treat Parkinson's disease is called deep brain stimulation (DBS). This process involves implanting electrodes into the brain and connecting them to a small electrical device called a pulse generator. DBS can reduce the need for some drugs and can help alleviate fluctuations of symptoms.<br /> <br /> ==Medications==<br /> Medications can help manage tremors and help to improve mobility and movement by increasing the brain's supply of dopamine. <br /> <br /> == External Resources ==<br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkqHih3ug2g Video of PARKINSON'S DISEASE]<br /> [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm Parkinson's Disease Information Page]<br /> <br /> [http://www.neurologychannel.com/parkinsonsdisease/index.shtml Neurology Channel]<br /> <br /> [[MedlinePlus]]<br /> <br /> [http://www.http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parkinsonsdisease.html]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> National Institute of Neurological Disorders And Stroke, ''Parkinson's Disease''<br /> http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Parkinson%27s_Disease 2008-04-29T06:06:13Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Parkinson's disease''' <br /> Also called: Paralysis agitans or Shaking palsy<br /> <br /> Parkinson's disease (PD)is a degenerative condition which affects neurons in the part of the brain that controls muscle movement. PD belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders. These disorders are categorized by the loss of neurons that make dopamine (chemical that sends signals to create movement). These cells either die or do not work properly. <br /> <br /> http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/PET_scan_Parkinson's_Disease.jpg<br /> <br /> <br /> == Common Symptoms ==<br /> Symptoms of PD include:<br /> -tremors or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face<br /> -stiffness of the limbs and trunk<br /> -movement slows<br /> -posture instable, impaired balance and coordination<br /> <br /> <br /> Other symptoms may include:<br /> <br /> -depression and other emotional changes<br /> -difficulty in swallowing<br /> -chewing<br /> -speaking<br /> -urinary problems or constipation<br /> -skin problems<br /> -disrupted sleep cycle<br /> <br /> These symptoms cause one to have trouble walking, talking and interfere with many other daily activities. Though it usually starts to affect people over 50 symptoms may start earlier. Early symptoms are subtle but progress over time, varying between patients.<br /> <br /> == Treatment ==<br /> Though PD can not be cured symptoms can be controlled or diminished with treatments such as medication, physical therapy and even diet and exercise can help. Working with a physical therapist can help improve walking and overall balance while working with a speech pathologist can help improve speech and swallowing. When life style changes aren't enough most doctors will recommend the use of medications. A form of therapy that can be used to treat Parkinson's disease is called deep brain stimulation (DBS). This process involves implanting electrodes into the brain and connecting them to a small electrical device called a pulse generator. DBS can reduce the need for some drugs and can help alleviate fluctuations of symptoms.<br /> <br /> ==Medications==<br /> Medications can help manage tremors and help to improve mobility and movement by increasing the brain's supply of dopamine. <br /> <br /> == External Resources ==<br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkqHih3ug2g Video of PARKINSON'S DISEASE]<br /> [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm Parkinson's Disease Information Page]<br /> <br /> [http://www.neurologychannel.com/parkinsonsdisease/index.shtml Neurology Channel]<br /> <br /> [[MedlinePlus]]<br /> <br /> [http://www.http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parkinsonsdisease.html]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> National Institute of Neurological Disorders And Stroke, ''Parkinson's Disease''<br /> http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Antonio_Damasio 2008-04-29T05:46:23Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br /> <br /> http://www.scienceandliterature.org/symposium03/pics/antonio-lg.jpg<br /> <br /> '''ANTONIO R. DAMASIO''', M.D. Ph.D completed his medical degree and doctorate at the University of Lisbon School in Portugal and did research at the Aphasia Research Center in Boston. He currently is the director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California. Here he studies mechanisms of cognition along with cognitive and behavioral disturbances caused by diseases of the central nervous systems. Before this he was M.W. Van Allen Professor and Head of Neurology at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Known world wide, his research in the area of neuroscience has provided a better understanding of the neural systems underlying memory, language and consciousness. His research focuses on emotions and the important role they play on social cognition and decision making. His clinical interests focus on disorders of behavior and cognition as well as movement disorders such as parkinson's disease. <br /> <br /> '''Honors and Awards'''<br /> <br /> His honors and awards include but aren't limited to the: <br /> <br /> Arnold Pfeffer Prize (2002)<br /> <br /> Reenpaa Prize in Neuroscience (2000) <br /> <br /> Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997) <br /> <br /> Elected into the Neurosciences Research Program (1997). <br /> <br /> '''Publications'''<br /> <br /> Not only has he been published in numerous journals and magazines he has also written several books including, &quot;Decartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain&quot; and &quot;The feeling of what happens: Body and Emotion in the making of consciousness&quot; and &quot;Looking for Spinoza.&quot; <br /> <br /> Damasio, A. R. (2000). The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness. NY: Harcourt Brace.<br /> <br /> Damasio A. R., Grabowski T. J., Bechara A., Damasio, H, Ponto L. L. B., Parvizi J., Hichwa R. D. (2000). Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 1049-1056.<br /> <br /> Bechara A., Damasio H., Tranel D., Damasio A. R. (1997). Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science, 275, 1293-1294.<br /> <br /> Damasio A.R. (1996). The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex. Proceedings of The Royal Society, 351, 1413-1420.<br /> <br /> Damasio A. R. (1994). Descartes' error: Emotion, reason and the human brain, NY: Grosset/Putnam<br /> <br /> '''Interview with Damasio'''<br /> <br /> During an interview discussing his third book he provides some information on what we now know about the nature and significance of feelings. <br /> &quot;Now,we can speak with confidence about &quot;what feelings are&quot; - where they come from, how they happen, what they are made of biologically. That is why the book's subtitle is the &quot;feeling brain.&quot; We have identified brain areas and brain pathways necessary to feel emotions. Armed with the new knowledge we can even venture to say what feelings are for. The new knowledge broadens our view of human nature. We can not really know who we are if we do not understand the brain mechanisms behind emotion and feeling - what causes emotions, what leads to feelings, how they affect our decisions, social behavior, and creativity, and where they fit in evolution.&quot; [http://www.harcourtbooks.com/authorinterviews/bookinterview_Damasio.asp]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''References'''<br /> <br /> USC College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, http://college.usc.edu/news/2005january/damasios.html<br /> <br /> A Review of Damasio's ''The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in The Making of Consciousness''http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/v6/psyche-6-10-mosca.html<br /> <br /> '''External Resources'''<br /> <br /> http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580386,00.html<br /> <br /> '''Lectures'''<br /> http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbacW1HVZVk<br /> <br /> http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agxMmhHn5G4</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Antonio_Damasio 2008-04-29T05:44:41Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br /> <br /> http://www.scienceandliterature.org/symposium03/pics/antonio-lg.jpg<br /> <br /> '''ANTONIO R. DAMASIO''', M.D. Ph.D completed his medical degree and doctorate at the University of Lisbon School in Portugal and did research at the Aphasia Research Center in Boston. He currently is the director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California. Here he studies mechanisms of cognition along with cognitive and behavioral disturbances caused by diseases of the central nervous systems. Before this M.W. Van Allen Professor and Head of Neurology at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Known world wide, his research in the area of neuroscience has provided a better understanding of the neural systems underlying memory, language and consciousness. His research focuses on emotions and the important role they play on social cognition and decision making. His clinical interests focus on disorders of behavior and cognition as well as movement disorders such as parkinson's disease. <br /> <br /> '''Honors and Awards'''<br /> <br /> His honors and awards include but aren't limited to the: <br /> <br /> Arnold Pfeffer Prize (2002)<br /> <br /> Reenpaa Prize in Neuroscience (2000) <br /> <br /> Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997) <br /> <br /> Elected into the Neurosciences Research Program (1997). <br /> <br /> '''Publications'''<br /> <br /> Not only has he been published in numerous journals and magazines he has also written several books including, &quot;Decartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain&quot; and &quot;The feeling of what happens: Body and Emotion in the making of consciousness&quot; and &quot;Looking for Spinoza.&quot; <br /> <br /> Damasio, A. R. (2000). The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness. NY: Harcourt Brace.<br /> <br /> Damasio A. R., Grabowski T. J., Bechara A., Damasio, H, Ponto L. L. B., Parvizi J., Hichwa R. D. (2000). Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 1049-1056.<br /> <br /> Bechara A., Damasio H., Tranel D., Damasio A. R. (1997). Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science, 275, 1293-1294.<br /> <br /> Damasio A.R. (1996). The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex. Proceedings of The Royal Society, 351, 1413-1420.<br /> <br /> Damasio A. R. (1994). Descartes' error: Emotion, reason and the human brain, NY: Grosset/Putnam<br /> <br /> '''Interview with Damasio'''<br /> <br /> During an interview discussing his third book he provides some information on what we now know about the nature and significance of feelings. <br /> &quot;Now,we can speak with confidence about &quot;what feelings are&quot; - where they come from, how they happen, what they are made of biologically. That is why the book's subtitle is the &quot;feeling brain.&quot; We have identified brain areas and brain pathways necessary to feel emotions. Armed with the new knowledge we can even venture to say what feelings are for. The new knowledge broadens our view of human nature. We can not really know who we are if we do not understand the brain mechanisms behind emotion and feeling - what causes emotions, what leads to feelings, how they affect our decisions, social behavior, and creativity, and where they fit in evolution.&quot; [http://www.harcourtbooks.com/authorinterviews/bookinterview_Damasio.asp]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''References'''<br /> <br /> USC College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, http://college.usc.edu/news/2005january/damasios.html<br /> <br /> A Review of Damasio's ''The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in The Making of Consciousness''http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/v6/psyche-6-10-mosca.html<br /> <br /> '''External Resources'''<br /> <br /> http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580386,00.html<br /> <br /> '''Lectures'''<br /> http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbacW1HVZVk<br /> <br /> http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agxMmhHn5G4</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Antonio_Damasio 2008-04-29T05:06:59Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br /> <br /> http://www.scienceandliterature.org/symposium03/pics/antonio-lg.jpg<br /> <br /> '''ANTONIO R. DAMASIO''', M.D. Ph.D completed his medical degree and doctorate at the University of Lisbon School in Portugal and was a research fellow at the Aphasia Research Center in Boston. He is the director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California where he studies the fundamental mechanisms of cognition and cognitive and behavioral disturbances caused by diseases of central nervous systems. Known internationally, his research in the area of neuroscience has provided a better understanding of the neural systems underlying memory, language and consciousness. His research focuses on emotions and the important role they play on social cognition and decision making. His clinical interests focus on disorders of behavior and cognition, and movement disorders such as parkinson's disease. <br /> <br /> '''Honors and Awards'''<br /> <br /> His honors and awards include but aren't limited to the: <br /> <br /> Arnold Pfeffer Prize (2002)<br /> <br /> Reenpaa Prize in Neuroscience (2000) <br /> <br /> Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997) <br /> <br /> Elected into the Neurosciences Research Program (1997). <br /> <br /> '''Publications'''<br /> <br /> Not only has he been published in numerous journals and magazines he has also written several books including, &quot;Decartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain&quot; and &quot;The feeling of what happens: Body and Emotion in the making of consciousness&quot; and &quot;Looking for Spinoza.&quot; <br /> <br /> Damasio, A. R. (2000). The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness. NY: Harcourt Brace.<br /> <br /> Damasio A. R., Grabowski T. J., Bechara A., Damasio, H, Ponto L. L. B., Parvizi J., Hichwa R. D. (2000). Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 1049-1056.<br /> <br /> Bechara A., Damasio H., Tranel D., Damasio A. R. (1997). Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science, 275, 1293-1294.<br /> <br /> Damasio A.R. (1996). The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex. Proceedings of The Royal Society, 351, 1413-1420.<br /> <br /> Damasio A. R. (1994). Descartes' error: Emotion, reason and the human brain, NY: Grosset/Putnam<br /> <br /> '''Interview with Damasio'''<br /> <br /> During an interview discussing his third book he provides some information on what we now know about the nature and significance of feelings. <br /> &quot;Now,we can speak with confidence about &quot;what feelings are&quot; - where they come from, how they happen, what they are made of biologically. That is why the book's subtitle is the &quot;feeling brain.&quot; We have identified brain areas and brain pathways necessary to feel emotions. Armed with the new knowledge we can even venture to say what feelings are for. The new knowledge broadens our view of human nature. We can not really know who we are if we do not understand the brain mechanisms behind emotion and feeling - what causes emotions, what leads to feelings, how they affect our decisions, social behavior, and creativity, and where they fit in evolution.&quot; [http://www.harcourtbooks.com/authorinterviews/bookinterview_Damasio.asp]<br /> <br /> '''External Resources'''<br /> <br /> http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580386,00.html<br /> <br /> '''Lectures'''<br /> http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbacW1HVZVk<br /> <br /> http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agxMmhHn5G4</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Antonio_Damasio 2008-04-29T04:25:28Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br /> <br /> http://www.scienceandliterature.org/symposium03/pics/antonio-lg.jpg<br /> <br /> '''ANTONIO R. DAMASIO''', M.D. Ph.D completed his medical degree and doctorate at the University of Lisbon School in Portugal and was a research fellow at the Aphasia Research Center in Boston. He is the director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California where he studies the fundamental mechanisms of cognition and cognitive and behavioral disturbances caused by diseases of central nervous systems. Known internationally, his research in the area of neuroscience has provided a better understanding of the neural systems underlying memory, language and consciousness. His research focuses on emotions and the important role they play on social cognition and decision making. His clinical interests focus on disorders of behavior and cognition, and movement disorders such as parkinson's disease. <br /> <br /> '''Honors and Awards'''<br /> <br /> His honors and awards include but aren't limited to the: <br /> <br /> Arnold Pfeffer Prize (2002)<br /> <br /> Reenpaa Prize in Neuroscience (2000) <br /> <br /> Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997) <br /> <br /> Elected into the Neurosciences Research Program (1997). <br /> <br /> '''Publications'''<br /> <br /> Not only has he been published in numerous journals and magazines he has also written several books including, &quot;Decartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain&quot; and &quot;The feeling of what happens: Body and Emotion in the making of consciousness&quot; and &quot;Looking for Spinoza.&quot; <br /> <br /> Damasio, A. R. (2000). The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness. NY: Harcourt Brace.<br /> <br /> Damasio A. R., Grabowski T. J., Bechara A., Damasio, H, Ponto L. L. B., Parvizi J., Hichwa R. D. (2000). Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 1049-1056.<br /> <br /> Bechara A., Damasio H., Tranel D., Damasio A. R. (1997). Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science, 275, 1293-1294.<br /> <br /> Damasio A.R. (1996). The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex. Proceedings of The Royal Society, 351, 1413-1420.<br /> <br /> Damasio A. R. (1994). Descartes' error: Emotion, reason and the human brain, NY: Grosset/Putnam<br /> <br /> '''Interview with Damasio'''<br /> <br /> During an interview discussing his third book he provides some information on what we now know about the nature and significance of feelings. <br /> &quot;Now,we can speak with confidence about &quot;what feelings are&quot; - where they come from, how they happen, what they are made of biologically. That is why the book's subtitle is the &quot;feeling brain.&quot; We have identified brain areas and brain pathways necessary to feel emotions. Armed with the new knowledge we can even venture to say what feelings are for. The new knowledge broadens our view of human nature. We can not really know who we are if we do not understand the brain mechanisms behind emotion and feeling - what causes emotions, what leads to feelings, how they affect our decisions, social behavior, and creativity, and where they fit in evolution.&quot; [http://www.harcourtbooks.com/authorinterviews/bookinterview_Damasio.asp]<br /> <br /> '''External Resources'''<br /> <br /> http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580386,00.html<br /> <br /> http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbacW1HVZVk<br /> <br /> http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agxMmhHn5G4</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Antonio_Damasio 2008-04-29T03:45:49Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br /> <br /> http://www.scienceandliterature.org/symposium03/pics/antonio-lg.jpg<br /> <br /> '''ANTONIO R. DAMASIO''', M.D. Ph.D is M.W. is the director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California where he studies the fundamental mechanisms of cognition and cognitive and behavioral disturbances caused by diseases of central nervous systems. Known internationally, his research in the area of neuroscience has provided a better understanding of the neural systems underlying memory, language and consciousness. His research focuses on emotions and the important role they play on social cognition and decision making. His clinical interests focus on disorders of behavior and cognition, and movement disorders. <br /> <br /> '''Honors and Awards'''<br /> <br /> His honors and awards include the Arnold Pfeffer Prize (2002), the Reenpaa Prize in Neuroscience (2000), and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997) and the Neurosciences Research Program (1997). <br /> <br /> '''Publications'''<br /> <br /> Not only has he been published in numerous journals and magazines he has also written several books including, &quot;Decartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain&quot; and &quot;The feeling of what happens: Body and Emotion in the making of consciousness&quot; and &quot;Looking for Spinoza.&quot; <br /> <br /> '''Interview with Damasio'''<br /> <br /> During an interview discussing his third book he provides some information on what we now know about the nature and significance of feelings. <br /> &quot;Now,we can speak with confidence about &quot;what feelings are&quot; - where they come from, how they happen, what they are made of biologically. That is why the book's subtitle is the &quot;feeling brain.&quot; We have identified brain areas and brain pathways necessary to feel emotions. Armed with the new knowledge we can even venture to say what feelings are for. The new knowledge broadens our view of human nature. We can not really know who we are if we do not understand the brain mechanisms behind emotion and feeling - what causes emotions, what leads to feelings, how they affect our decisions, social behavior, and creativity, and where they fit in evolution.&quot; [http://www.harcourtbooks.com/authorinterviews/bookinterview_Damasio.asp]<br /> <br /> '''External Resources'''<br /> <br /> http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580386,00.html</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Parkinson%27s_Disease 2008-04-29T03:41:23Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Parkinson's disease''' <br /> Also called: Paralysis agitans or Shaking palsy<br /> <br /> Parkinson's disease (PD) affects neurons in the part of the brain that controls muscle movement. PD belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders. These disorders are categorized by the loss of neurons that make dopamine (chemical that sends signals to create movement). These cells either die or do not work properly. <br /> <br /> == Common Symptoms ==<br /> Symptoms of PD include:<br /> -tremors or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face<br /> -stiffness of the limbs and trunk<br /> -movement slows<br /> -posture instable, impaired balance and coordination<br /> <br /> <br /> Other symptoms may include:<br /> <br /> -depression and other emotional changes<br /> -difficulty in swallowing<br /> -chewing<br /> -speaking<br /> -urinary problems or constipation<br /> -skin problems<br /> -disrupted sleep cycle<br /> <br /> These symptoms cause one to have trouble walking, talking and interfere with many other daily activities. Though it usually starts to affect people over 50 symptoms may start earlier. Early symptoms are subtle but progress over time, varying between patients.<br /> <br /> == Treatment ==<br /> Though PD can not be cured symptoms can be controlled or diminished with treatments such as medication, physical therapy and even diet and exercise can help. Working with a physical therapist can help improve walking and overall balance while working with a speech pathologist can help improve speech and swallowing. When life style changes aren't enough most doctors will recommend the use of medications. A form of therapy that can be used to treat Parkinson's disease is called deep brain stimulation (DBS). This process involves implanting electrodes into the brain and connecting them to a small electrical device called a pulse generator. DBS can reduce the need for some drugs and can help alleviate fluctuations of symptoms.<br /> <br /> ==Medications==<br /> Medications can help manage tremors and help to improve mobility and movement by increasing the brain's supply of dopamine. <br /> <br /> == External Resources ==<br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkqHih3ug2g Video of PARKINSON'S DISEASE]<br /> [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm Parkinson's Disease Information Page]<br /> <br /> [http://www.neurologychannel.com/parkinsonsdisease/index.shtml Neurology Channel]<br /> <br /> [[MedlinePlus]]<br /> <br /> [http://www.http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parkinsonsdisease.html]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> National Institute of Neurological Disorders And Stroke, ''Parkinson's Disease''<br /> http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Parkinson%27s_Disease 2008-04-29T03:40:12Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Parkinson's disease''' <br /> Also called: Paralysis agitans or Shaking palsy<br /> <br /> Parkinson's disease (PD) affects neurons in the part of the brain that controls muscle movement. PD belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders. These disorders are categorized by the loss of neurons that make dopamine (chemical that sends signals to create movement). These cells either die or do not work properly. <br /> <br /> == Common Symptoms ==<br /> Symptoms of PD include:<br /> -tremors or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face<br /> -stiffness of the limbs and trunk<br /> -movement slows<br /> -posture instable, impaired balance and coordination<br /> <br /> <br /> Other symptoms may include:<br /> <br /> -depression and other emotional changes<br /> -difficulty in swallowing<br /> -chewing<br /> -speaking<br /> -urinary problems or constipation<br /> -skin problems<br /> -disrupted sleep cycle<br /> <br /> These symptoms cause one to have trouble walking, talking and interfere with many other daily activities. Though it usually starts to affect people over 50 symptoms may start earlier. Early symptoms are subtle but progress over time, varying between patients.<br /> <br /> == Treatment ==<br /> Though PD can not be cured symptoms can be controlled or diminished with treatments such as medication, physical therapy and even diet and exercise can help. Working with a physical therapist can help improve walking and overall balance while working with a speech pathologist can help improve speech and swallowing. When life style changes aren't enough most doctors will recommend the use of medications. A form of therapy that can be used to treat Parkinson's disease is called deep brain stimulation (DBS). This process involves implanting electrodes into the brain and connecting them to a small electrical device called a pulse generator. DBS can reduce the need for some drugs and can help alleviate fluctuations of symptoms.<br /> <br /> ==Medications==<br /> Medications can help manage tremors and help to improve mobility and movement by increasing the brain's supply of dopamine. <br /> <br /> == External Resources ==<br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkqHih3ug2g Video of PARKINSON'S DISEASE]<br /> [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm Parkinson's Disease Information Page]<br /> <br /> [http://www.neurologychannel.com/parkinsonsdisease/index.shtml Neurology Channel]<br /> <br /> [[MedlinePlus]]<br /> <br /> [http://www.http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parkinsonsdisease.html]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> National Institute of Neurological Disorders And Stroke, ''Parkinson's Disease''</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Parkinson%27s_Disease 2008-04-29T03:36:20Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Parkinson's disease''' <br /> Also called: Paralysis agitans or Shaking palsy<br /> <br /> Parkinson's disease (PD) affects neurons in the part of the brain that controls muscle movement. PD belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders. These disorders are categorized by the loss of neurons that make dopamine (chemical that sends signals to create movement). These cells either die or do not work properly. <br /> <br /> == Common Symptoms ==<br /> Symptoms of PD include:<br /> -tremors or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face<br /> -stiffness of the limbs and trunk<br /> -movement slows<br /> -posture instable, impaired balance and coordination<br /> <br /> <br /> Other symptoms may include:<br /> <br /> -depression and other emotional changes<br /> -difficulty in swallowing<br /> -chewing<br /> -speaking<br /> -urinary problems or constipation<br /> -skin problems<br /> -disrupted sleep cycle<br /> <br /> These symptoms cause one to have trouble walking, talking and interfere with many other daily activities. Though it usually starts to affect people over 50 symptoms may start earlier. Early symptoms are subtle but progress over time, varying between patients.<br /> <br /> == Treatment ==<br /> Though PD can not be cured symptoms can be controlled or diminished with treatments such as medication, physical therapy and even diet and exercise can help. Working with a physical therapist can help improve walking and overall balance while working with a speech pathologist can help improve speech and swallowing. When life style changes aren't enough most doctors will recommend the use of medications. A form of therapy that can be used to treat Parkinson's disease is called deep brain stimulation (DBS). This process involves implanting electrodes into the brain and connecting them to a small electrical device called a pulse generator. DBS can reduce the need for some drugs and can help alleviate fluctuations of symptoms.<br /> <br /> ==Medications==<br /> Medications can help manage tremors and help to improve mobility and movement by increasing the brain's supply of dopamine. <br /> <br /> == External Resources ==<br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkqHih3ug2g Video of PARKINSON'S DISEASE]<br /> [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm Parkinson's Disease Information Page]<br /> <br /> [http://www.neurologychannel.com/parkinsonsdisease/index.shtml Neurology Channel]<br /> <br /> [[MedlinePlus]]<br /> <br /> [http://www.http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parkinsonsdisease.html]</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/MedlinePlus 2008-04-29T03:35:18Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parkinsonsdisease.html</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Antonio_Damasio 2008-04-28T21:00:57Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br /> http://www.scienceandliterature.org/symposium03/pics/antonio-lg.jpg<br /> <br /> '''ANTONIO R. DAMASIO''', M.D. Ph.D is M.W. is the director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California where he studies the fundamental mechanisms of cognition and cognitive and behavioral disturbances caused by diseases of central nervous systems. Known internationally, his research in the area of neuroscience has provided a better understanding of the neural systems underlying memory, language and consciousness. His research focuses on emotions and the important role they play on social cognition and decision making. His clinical interests focus on disorders of behavior and cognition, and movement disorders. <br /> <br /> '''Honors and Awards'''<br /> <br /> His honors and awards include the Arnold Pfeffer Prize (2002), the Reenpaa Prize in Neuroscience (2000), and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997) and the Neurosciences Research Program (1997). <br /> <br /> '''Publications'''<br /> <br /> Not only has he been published in numerous journals and magazines he has also written several books including, &quot;Decartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain&quot; and &quot;The feeling of what happens: Body and Emotion in the making of consciousness&quot; and &quot;Looking for Spinoza.&quot; <br /> <br /> '''Interview with Damasio'''<br /> <br /> During an interview discussing his third book he describes the nature and significance of feelings. <br /> &quot;Now,we can speak with confidence about &quot;what feelings are&quot; - where they come from, how they happen, what they are made of biologically. That is why the book's subtitle is the &quot;feeling brain.&quot; We have identified brain areas and brain pathways necessary to feel emotions. Armed with the new knowledge we can even venture to say what feelings are for. The new knowledge broadens our view of human nature. We can not really know who we are if we do not understand the brain mechanisms behind emotion and feeling - what causes emotions, what leads to feelings, how they affect our decisions, social behavior, and creativity, and where they fit in evolution.&quot; [http://www.harcourtbooks.com/authorinterviews/bookinterview_Damasio.asp]<br /> <br /> http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580386,00.html</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Parkinson%27s_Disease 2008-04-28T20:56:51Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Parkinson's disease''' <br /> Also called: Paralysis agitans or Shaking palsy<br /> <br /> Parkinson's disease (PD) affects neurons in the part of the brain that controls muscle movement. PD belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders. These disorders are categorized by the loss of neurons that make dopamine (chemical that sends signals to create movement). These cells either die or do not work properly. <br /> <br /> == Common Symptoms ==<br /> Symptoms of PD include:<br /> -tremors or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face<br /> -stiffness of the limbs and trunk<br /> -movement slows<br /> -posture instable, impaired balance and coordination<br /> <br /> <br /> Other symptoms may include:<br /> <br /> -depression and other emotional changes<br /> -difficulty in swallowing<br /> -chewing<br /> -speaking<br /> -urinary problems or constipation<br /> -skin problems<br /> -disrupted sleep cycle<br /> <br /> These symptoms cause one to have trouble walking, talking and interfere with many other daily activities. Though it usually starts to affect people over 50 symptoms may start earlier. Early symptoms are subtle but progress over time, varying between patients.<br /> <br /> == Treatment ==<br /> Though PD can not be cured symptoms can be controlled or diminished with treatments such as medication, physical therapy and even diet and exercise can help. Working with a physical therapist can help improve walking and overall balance while working with a speech pathologist can help improve speech and swallowing. When life style changes aren't enough most doctors will recommend the use of medications. <br /> <br /> ==Medications==<br /> Medications can help manage tremors and help to improve mobility and movement by increasing the brain's supply of dopamine. <br /> <br /> == External Resources ==<br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkqHih3ug2g Video of PARKINSON'S DISEASE]<br /> [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm Parkinson's Disease Information Page]<br /> <br /> [http://www.neurologychannel.com/parkinsonsdisease/index.shtml Neurology Channel]</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Aleman_et_al._(2001) 2008-04-28T20:54:52Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Synesthesia Symposium]]<br /> <br /> Activation of the Striate Cortex in the absence of visual stimulation: an fMRI Study of Synesthesia- Presented by Hayley Devlin and Rachel Kimchi<br /> <br /> Shadowed by Lauren Malonson and Meredith Walsh<br /> <br /> =Key Terms=<br /> <br /> '''Synesthesia-'''<br /> <br /> This occurs when one sensory system in your body triggers a perceptual experience in another unrelated system. An common example of this is when a person hears a sound then will immediately see a color or shape in the mind's eye as a response to the sound. People who have synethesia are referred to as synethetes and are often unaware that there is anything wrong with them because it develops at such a young age. This is also the reason why researchers have a vague idea about how many people have synesthesia. <br /> <br /> '''Primary Visual Cortex, Striate Cortex, V1'''<br /> <br /> Located in the brain's occipital lobe, the primary visual cortex is part of the neocortex that receives visual input from the receptive cells of the retina.<br /> <br /> http://www.aph.org/cvi/images/brain_2.jpg<br /> <br /> =Overview of Article=<br /> <br /> The purpose of this study was to find out if the primary visual cortex is activated without direct external input to the visual system. In other words, the question is, does the primary visual cortex play a functional role in internally generated visual perception? To determine this, an fMRI scan was conducted on a woman with color-word synesthesia (when she heard a word, she involuntarily saw a color) during two verbal tasks and control conditions. In the first task (passive listening), the participant was auditorily presented with 14 words, and in the next (verbal fluency), she was presented with one letter at a time and asked to generate as many words as possible starting with that letter. In the control conditions, tones were presented and the participant pressed a button when the frequency changed. All fMRI results were compared against those of normal participants.<br /> <br /> =Results=<br /> <br /> Results showed that V1 was activated in both the passive listening and the verbal fluency tasks in the participant with color-word synesthesia. The normal subjects did not show activation of V1 in any condition. <br /> <br /> =Importance=<br /> <br /> These results are significant for several reasons: first, while previous studies have tested the role of V1 in the presence of visual perception (in the absence of visual stimulation), those studies had mixed results; additionally, the previous studies focused on conscious visual perception, whereas this one focused on involuntarily generated perception; next, these results, as suggested in the study, may have important implications regarding other types of visualization that are uncontrolled by the experiencer (such as hallucinations); and finally, the results provide significant evidence that feedback connections into V1 may &quot;mediate processes such as perceptual organization, attention and awareness,&quot; and that those connections play a major role in &quot;associative and primary visual areas in visual experience&quot; in the absence of direct visual stimulation.</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Aleman_et_al._(2001) 2008-04-28T20:53:33Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Synesthesia Symposium]]<br /> <br /> Activation of the Striate Cortex in the absence of visual stimulation: an fMRI Study of Synesthesia- Presented by Hayley Devlin and Rachel Kimchi<br /> <br /> Shadowed by Lauren Malonson and Meredith Walsh<br /> <br /> =Key Terms=<br /> <br /> '''Synesthesia-'''<br /> <br /> This occurs when one sensory system in your body triggers a perceptual experience in another unrelated system. An common example of this is when a person hears a sound then will immediately see a color or shape in the mind's eye as a response to the sound. People who have synethesia are referred to as synethetes and are often unaware that there is anything wrong with them because it develops at such a young age. This is also the reason why we know relatively little on the topic. <br /> <br /> '''Primary Visual Cortex, Striate Cortex, V1'''<br /> <br /> Located in the brain's occipital lobe, the primary visual cortex is part of the neocortex that receives visual input from the receptive cells of the retina.<br /> <br /> http://www.aph.org/cvi/images/brain_2.jpg<br /> <br /> =Overview of Article=<br /> <br /> The purpose of this study was to find out if the primary visual cortex is activated without direct external input to the visual system. In other words, the question is, does the primary visual cortex play a functional role in internally generated visual perception? To determine this, an fMRI scan was conducted on a woman with color-word synesthesia (when she heard a word, she involuntarily saw a color) during two verbal tasks and control conditions. In the first task (passive listening), the participant was auditorily presented with 14 words, and in the next (verbal fluency), she was presented with one letter at a time and asked to generate as many words as possible starting with that letter. In the control conditions, tones were presented and the participant pressed a button when the frequency changed. All fMRI results were compared against those of normal participants.<br /> <br /> =Results=<br /> <br /> Results showed that V1 was activated in both the passive listening and the verbal fluency tasks in the participant with color-word synesthesia. The normal subjects did not show activation of V1 in any condition. <br /> <br /> =Importance=<br /> <br /> These results are significant for several reasons: first, while previous studies have tested the role of V1 in the presence of visual perception (in the absence of visual stimulation), those studies had mixed results; additionally, the previous studies focused on conscious visual perception, whereas this one focused on involuntarily generated perception; next, these results, as suggested in the study, may have important implications regarding other types of visualization that are uncontrolled by the experiencer (such as hallucinations); and finally, the results provide significant evidence that feedback connections into V1 may &quot;mediate processes such as perceptual organization, attention and awareness,&quot; and that those connections play a major role in &quot;associative and primary visual areas in visual experience&quot; in the absence of direct visual stimulation.</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Aleman_et_al._(2001) 2008-04-28T20:51:23Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Synesthesia Symposium]]<br /> <br /> Activation of the Striate Cortex in the absence of visual stimulation: an fMRI Study of Synesthesia- Presented by Hayley Devlin and Rachel Kimchi<br /> <br /> Shadowed by Lauren Malonson and Meredith Walsh<br /> <br /> =Key Terms=<br /> <br /> '''Synesthesia-'''<br /> <br /> This occurs when one sensory system in your body triggers a perceptual experience in another unrelated system. An common example of this is when a person hears a sound then will immediately see a color or shape in the mind's eye as a response to the sound. People who have synethesia are referred to as synethetes and are often unaware that there is anything wrong with them because it develops at such a young age. This is also the reason why we know relatively little on the topic. <br /> <br /> '''Primary Visual Cortex, Striate Cortex, V1'''<br /> <br /> Located in the brain's occipital lobe, the primary visual cortex is part of the neocortext that receives visual input from the receptive cells of the retina.<br /> <br /> http://www.aph.org/cvi/images/brain_2.jpg<br /> <br /> =Overview of Article=<br /> <br /> The purpose of this study was to find out if the primary visual cortex is activated without direct external input to the visual system. In other words, the question is, does the primary visual cortex play a functional role in internally generated visual perception? To determine this, an fMRI scan was conducted on a woman with color-word synesthesia (when she heard a word, she involuntarily saw a color) during two verbal tasks and control conditions. In the first task (passive listening), the participant was auditorily presented with 14 words, and in the next (verbal fluency), she was presented with one letter at a time and asked to generate as many words as possible starting with that letter. In the control conditions, tones were presented and the participant pressed a button when the frequency changed. All fMRI results were compared against those of normal participants.<br /> <br /> =Results=<br /> <br /> Results showed that V1 was activated in both the passive listening and the verbal fluency tasks in the participant with color-word synesthesia. The normal subjects did not show activation of V1 in any condition. <br /> <br /> =Importance=<br /> <br /> These results are significant for several reasons: first, while previous studies have tested the role of V1 in the presence of visual perception (in the absence of visual stimulation), those studies had mixed results; additionally, the previous studies focused on conscious visual perception, whereas this one focused on involuntarily generated perception; next, these results, as suggested in the study, may have important implications regarding other types of visualization that are uncontrolled by the experiencer (such as hallucinations); and finally, the results provide significant evidence that feedback connections into V1 may �mediate processes such as perceptual organization, attention and awareness,� and that those connections play a major role in �associative and primary visual areas in visual experience� in the absence of direct visual stimulation.</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Aleman_et_al._(2001) 2008-04-28T20:44:02Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Synesthesia Symposium]]<br /> <br /> Activation of the Striate Cortex in the absence of visual stimulation: an fMRI Study of Synesthesia- Presented by Hayley Devlin and Rachel Kimchi<br /> <br /> Shadowed by Lauren Malonson and Meredith Walsh<br /> <br /> =Key Terms=<br /> <br /> '''Synesthesia-'''<br /> This occurs when one sensory system in your body triggers a perceptual experience in another unrelated system. An common example of this is when a person hears a sound then will immediately see a color or shape in the mind's eye as a response to the sound. People who have synethesia are referred to as synethetes and are often unaware that there is anything wrong with them because it develops at such a young age. This is also the reason why we know relatively little on the topic. <br /> <br /> '''Primary Visual Cortex, Striate Cortex, V1'''<br /> Located in the brain's occipital lobe, the primary visual cortex is part of the neocortext that receives visual input from the receptive cells of the retina.<br /> <br /> =Overview of Article=<br /> <br /> The purpose of this study was to find out if the primary visual cortex is activated without direct external input to the visual system. In other words, the question is, does the primary visual cortex play a functional role in internally generated visual perception? To determine this, an fMRI scan was conducted on a woman with color-word synesthesia (when she heard a word, she involuntarily saw a color) during two verbal tasks and control conditions. In the first task (passive listening), the participant was auditorily presented with 14 words, and in the next (verbal fluency), she was presented with one letter at a time and asked to generate as many words as possible starting with that letter. In the control conditions, tones were presented and the participant pressed a button when the frequency changed. All fMRI results were compared against those of normal participants.<br /> <br /> =Results=<br /> <br /> Results showed that V1 was activated in both the passive listening and the verbal fluency tasks in the participant with color-word synesthesia. The normal subjects did not show activation of V1 in any condition. <br /> <br /> =Importance=<br /> <br /> These results are significant for several reasons: first, while previous studies have tested the role of V1 in the presence of visual perception (in the absence of visual stimulation), those studies had mixed results; additionally, the previous studies focused on conscious visual perception, whereas this one focused on involuntarily generated perception; next, these results, as suggested in the study, may have important implications regarding other types of visualization that are uncontrolled by the experiencer (such as hallucinations); and finally, the results provide significant evidence that feedback connections into V1 may “mediate processes such as perceptual organization, attention and awareness,” and that those connections play a major role in “associative and primary visual areas in visual experience” in the absence of direct visual stimulation.<br /> <br /> Overview of Article:<br /> <br /> The purpose of this study was to find out if the primary visual cortex is activated without direct external input to the visual system. In other words, the question is, does the primary visual cortex play a functional role in internally generated visual perception? To determine this, an fMRI scan was conducted on a woman with color-word synesthesia (when she heard a word, she involuntarily saw a color) during two verbal tasks and control conditions. In the first task (passive listening), the participant was auditorily presented with 14 words, and in the next (verbal fluency), she was presented with one letter at a time and asked to generate as many words as possible starting with that letter. In the control conditions, tones were presented and the participant pressed a button when the frequency changed. All fMRI results were compared against those of normal participants.<br /> <br /> Results showed that V1 was activated in both the passive listening and the verbal fluency tasks in the participant with color-word synesthesia. The normal subjects did not show activation of V1 in any condition. These results are significant for several reasons: first, while previous studies have tested the role of V1 in the presence of visual perception (in the absence of visual stimulation), those studies had mixed results; additionally, the previous studies focused on conscious visual perception, whereas this one focused on involuntarily generated perception; next, these results, as suggested in the study, may have important implications regarding other types of visualization that are uncontrolled by the experiencer (such as hallucinations); and finally, the results provide significant evidence that feedback connections into V1 may “mediate processes such as perceptual organization, attention and awareness,” and that those connections play a major role in “associative and primary visual areas in visual experience” in the absence of direct visual stimulation.</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Antonio_Damasio 2008-04-27T23:23:56Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br /> http://www.scienceandliterature.org/symposium03/pics/antonio-lg.jpg<br /> <br /> ANTONIO R. DAMASIO, M.D. Ph.D is M.W. is the director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California where he studies the fundamental mechanisms of cognition and cognitive and behavioral disturbances caused by diseases of central nervous systems. Known internationally, his research in the area of neuroscience has provided a better understanding of the neural systems underlying memory, language and consciousness. His research focuses on emotions and the important role they play on social cognition and decision making. His clinical interests focus on disorders of behavior and cognition, and movement disorders. His honors and awards include the Arnold Pfeffer Prize (2002), the Reenpaa Prize in Neuroscience (2000), and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997) and the Neurosciences Research Program (1997). <br /> Not only has he been published in numerous journals and magazines he has also written several books including, &quot;Decartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain&quot; and &quot;The feeling of what happens: Body and Emotion in the making of consciousness&quot; and &quot;Looking for Spinoza.&quot; During an interview discussing his third book he describes the nature and significance of feelings. <br /> &quot;Now,we can speak with confidence about &quot;what feelings are&quot; - where they come from, how they happen, what they are made of biologically. That is why the book's subtitle is the &quot;feeling brain.&quot; We have identified brain areas and brain pathways necessary to feel emotions. Armed with the new knowledge we can even venture to say what feelings are for. The new knowledge broadens our view of human nature. We can not really know who we are if we do not understand the brain mechanisms behind emotion and feeling - what causes emotions, what leads to feelings, how they affect our decisions, social behavior, and creativity, and where they fit in evolution.&quot; [http://www.harcourtbooks.com/authorinterviews/bookinterview_Damasio.asp]<br /> <br /> http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580386,00.html</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Inferotemportal_cortex 2008-04-27T23:18:20Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;/* Importance */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> http://bama.ua.edu/~sprentic/672%20aggression-brain.jpg<br /> ==Location==<br /> The Inferotemporal cortex is located below the middle temporal groove on the temporal lobe<br /> <br /> ==Importance==<br /> <br /> The Inferotemporal cortex (IT) is important for high-level visual processing and is essential for recognizing and perceiving objects. It is part of the ventral stream of the primary visual cortex or V1. The primary visual cortex transmits information to two pathways in the brain; the dorsal stream and the ventral stream. The ventral stream begins with V1, goes through V2 and V4, and from there information goes to the inferior temporal cortex.<br /> <br /> ==Damage to the Inferior Temporal Cortex==<br /> <br /> The Inferior Temporal Cortex recognizes complex objects such as faces and shapes with particular color and texture combinations. Action potentials (also known as nerve impulse) are fired selectively in response to these complex objects and removal or impairment of the IT causes our recognition and memory of objects to suffer. Evidence of this impairment has been documented and suggests that IT plays a critical role in our ability to recognize, categorize and remember large amounts of complex images. <br /> Anomia, impaired recall of words with no impairment of comprehension or the capacity to repeat the words is associated with damage to the inferior temporal cortex. Research suggests that pure anomia (inability to access word forms) may follow damage to posterior inferior temporal cortex while semantic anomia (degradation of semantic knowledge) is associated with damage to anterior temporal lobe regions.</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Inferotemportal_cortex 2008-04-27T23:16:50Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> http://bama.ua.edu/~sprentic/672%20aggression-brain.jpg<br /> ==Location==<br /> The Inferotemporal cortex is located below the middle temporal groove on the temporal lobe<br /> <br /> ==Importance==<br /> <br /> The Inferotemporal cortex (IT) is an area in the brain important for high-level visual processing and is essential for recognizing and perceiving objects. It is part of the ventral stream of the primary visual cortex or V1. The primary visual cortex transmits information to two pathways in the brain; the dorsal stream and the ventral stream. The ventral stream begins with V1, goes through V2 and V4, and from there information goes to the inferior temporal cortex. <br /> <br /> ==Damage to the Inferior Temporal Cortex==<br /> <br /> The Inferior Temporal Cortex recognizes complex objects such as faces and shapes with particular color and texture combinations. Action potentials (also known as nerve impulse) are fired selectively in response to these complex objects and removal or impairment of the IT causes our recognition and memory of objects to suffer. Evidence of this impairment has been documented and suggests that IT plays a critical role in our ability to recognize, categorize and remember large amounts of complex images. <br /> Anomia, impaired recall of words with no impairment of comprehension or the capacity to repeat the words is associated with damage to the inferior temporal cortex. Research suggests that pure anomia (inability to access word forms) may follow damage to posterior inferior temporal cortex while semantic anomia (degradation of semantic knowledge) is associated with damage to anterior temporal lobe regions.</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Inferotemportal_cortex 2008-04-27T23:15:54Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> [[Image:http://bama.ua.edu/~sprentic/672%20aggression-brain.jpg.jpg]]<br /> ==Location==<br /> The Inferotemporal cortex is located below the middle temporal groove on the temporal lobe<br /> <br /> ==Importance==<br /> <br /> The Inferotemporal cortex (IT) is an area in the brain important for high-level visual processing and is essential for recognizing and perceiving objects. It is part of the ventral stream of the primary visual cortex or V1. The primary visual cortex transmits information to two pathways in the brain; the dorsal stream and the ventral stream. The ventral stream begins with V1, goes through V2 and V4, and from there information goes to the inferior temporal cortex. <br /> <br /> ==Damage to the Inferior Temporal Cortex==<br /> <br /> The Inferior Temporal Cortex recognizes complex objects such as faces and shapes with particular color and texture combinations. Action potentials (also known as nerve impulse) are fired selectively in response to these complex objects and removal or impairment of the IT causes our recognition and memory of objects to suffer. Evidence of this impairment has been documented and suggests that IT plays a critical role in our ability to recognize, categorize and remember large amounts of complex images. <br /> Anomia, impaired recall of words with no impairment of comprehension or the capacity to repeat the words is associated with damage to the inferior temporal cortex. Research suggests that pure anomia (inability to access word forms) may follow damage to posterior inferior temporal cortex while semantic anomia (degradation of semantic knowledge) is associated with damage to anterior temporal lobe regions.</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Inferotemportal_cortex 2008-04-27T23:14:59Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> http://bama.ua.edu/~sprentic/672%20aggression-brain.jpg[[Image:http://bama.ua.edu/~sprentic/672%20aggression-brain.jpg.jpg]]<br /> ==Location==<br /> The Inferotemporal cortex is located below the middle temporal groove on the temporal lobe<br /> <br /> ==Importance==<br /> <br /> The Inferotemporal cortex (IT) is an area in the brain important for high-level visual processing and is essential for recognizing and perceiving objects. It is part of the ventral stream of the primary visual cortex or V1. The primary visual cortex transmits information to two pathways in the brain; the dorsal stream and the ventral stream. The ventral stream begins with V1, goes through V2 and V4, and from there information goes to the inferior temporal cortex. <br /> <br /> ==Damage to the Inferior Temporal Cortex==<br /> <br /> The Inferior Temporal Cortex recognizes complex objects such as faces and shapes with particular color and texture combinations. Action potentials (also known as nerve impulse) are fired selectively in response to these complex objects and removal or impairment of the IT causes our recognition and memory of objects to suffer. Evidence of this impairment has been documented and suggests that IT plays a critical role in our ability to recognize, categorize and remember large amounts of complex images. <br /> Anomia, impaired recall of words with no impairment of comprehension or the capacity to repeat the words is associated with damage to the inferior temporal cortex. Research suggests that pure anomia (inability to access word forms) may follow damage to posterior inferior temporal cortex while semantic anomia (degradation of semantic knowledge) is associated with damage to anterior temporal lobe regions.</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Inferotemportal_cortex 2008-04-27T23:14:01Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> [[Image:http://bama.ua.edu/~sprentic/672%20aggression-brain.jpg]]<br /> <br /> [http://www.http://bama.ua.edu/~sprentic/672%20aggression-brain.jpg.com link title]http://bama.ua.edu/~sprentic/672%20aggression-brain.jpg<br /> ==Location==<br /> The Inferotemporal cortex is located below the middle temporal groove on the temporal lobe<br /> <br /> ==Importance==<br /> <br /> The Inferotemporal cortex (IT) is an area in the brain important for high-level visual processing and is essential for recognizing and perceiving objects. It is part of the ventral stream of the primary visual cortex or V1. The primary visual cortex transmits information to two pathways in the brain; the dorsal stream and the ventral stream. The ventral stream begins with V1, goes through V2 and V4, and from there information goes to the inferior temporal cortex. <br /> <br /> ==Damage to the Inferior Temporal Cortex==<br /> <br /> The Inferior Temporal Cortex recognizes complex objects such as faces and shapes with particular color and texture combinations. Action potentials (also known as nerve impulse) are fired selectively in response to these complex objects and removal or impairment of the IT causes our recognition and memory of objects to suffer. Evidence of this impairment has been documented and suggests that IT plays a critical role in our ability to recognize, categorize and remember large amounts of complex images. <br /> Anomia, impaired recall of words with no impairment of comprehension or the capacity to repeat the words is associated with damage to the inferior temporal cortex. Research suggests that pure anomia (inability to access word forms) may follow damage to posterior inferior temporal cortex while semantic anomia (degradation of semantic knowledge) is associated with damage to anterior temporal lobe regions.</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Inferotemportal_cortex 2008-04-27T23:13:03Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> [[Image:http://bama.ua.edu/~sprentic/672%20aggression-brain.jpg]]<br /> http://bama.ua.edu/~sprentic/672%20aggression-brain.jpg[[Image:http://bama.ua.edu/~sprentic/672%20aggression-brain.jpg.jpg]]<br /> [http://www.http://bama.ua.edu/~sprentic/672%20aggression-brain.jpg.com link title]http://bama.ua.edu/~sprentic/672%20aggression-brain.jpg<br /> ==Location==<br /> The Inferotemporal cortex is located below the middle temporal groove on the temporal lobe<br /> <br /> ==Importance==<br /> <br /> The Inferotemporal cortex (IT) is an area in the brain important for high-level visual processing and is essential for recognizing and perceiving objects. It is part of the ventral stream of the primary visual cortex or V1. The primary visual cortex transmits information to two pathways in the brain; the dorsal stream and the ventral stream. The ventral stream begins with V1, goes through V2 and V4, and from there information goes to the inferior temporal cortex. <br /> <br /> ==Damage to the Inferior Temporal Cortex==<br /> <br /> The Inferior Temporal Cortex recognizes complex objects such as faces and shapes with particular color and texture combinations. Action potentials (also known as nerve impulse) are fired selectively in response to these complex objects and removal or impairment of the IT causes our recognition and memory of objects to suffer. Evidence of this impairment has been documented and suggests that IT plays a critical role in our ability to recognize, categorize and remember large amounts of complex images. <br /> Anomia, impaired recall of words with no impairment of comprehension or the capacity to repeat the words is associated with damage to the inferior temporal cortex. Research suggests that pure anomia (inability to access word forms) may follow damage to posterior inferior temporal cortex while semantic anomia (degradation of semantic knowledge) is associated with damage to anterior temporal lobe regions.</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Inferotemportal_cortex 2008-04-27T23:09:48Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> [[Image:http://bama.ua.edu/~sprentic/672%20aggression-brain.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> The Inferotemporal cortex is located below the middle temporal groove on the temporal lobe<br /> <br /> ==Importance==<br /> <br /> The Inferotemporal cortex (IT) is an area in the brain important for high-level visual processing and is essential for recognizing and perceiving objects. It is part of the ventral stream of the primary visual cortex or V1. The primary visual cortex transmits information to two pathways in the brain; the dorsal stream and the ventral stream. The ventral stream begins with V1, goes through V2 and V4, and from there information goes to the inferior temporal cortex. <br /> <br /> ==Damage to the Inferior Temporal Cortex==<br /> <br /> The Inferior Temporal Cortex recognizes complex objects such as faces and shapes with particular color and texture combinations. Action potentials (also known as nerve impulse) are fired selectively in response to these complex objects and removal or impairment of the IT causes our recognition and memory of objects to suffer. Evidence of this impairment has been documented and suggests that IT plays a critical role in our ability to recognize, categorize and remember large amounts of complex images. <br /> Anomia, impaired recall of words with no impairment of comprehension or the capacity to repeat the words is associated with damage to the inferior temporal cortex. Research suggests that pure anomia (inability to access word forms) may follow damage to posterior inferior temporal cortex while semantic anomia (degradation of semantic knowledge) is associated with damage to anterior temporal lobe regions.</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Inferotemportal_cortex 2008-04-27T23:03:11Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> [[Image:http://bama.ua.edu/~sprentic/672%20aggression-brain.jpg]]<br /> http://bama.ua.edu/~sprentic/672%20aggression-brain.jpg<br /> <br /> The Inferotemporal cortex (IT) is an area in the brain important for high-level visual processing and is essential for recognizing and perceiving objects. It is part of the ventral stream of the primary visual cortex or V1. The primary visual cortex transmits information to two pathways in the brain; the dorsal stream and the ventral stream. The ventral stream begins with V1, goes through V2 and V4, and from there information goes to the inferior temporal cortex. <br /> <br /> ==Damage to the Inferior Temporal Cortex==<br /> <br /> The Inferior Temporal Cortex recognizes complex objects such as faces and shapes with particular color and texture combinations. Action potentials (also known as nerve impulse) are fired selectively in response to these complex objects and removal or impairment of the IT causes our recognition and memory of objects to suffer. Evidence of this impairment has been documented and suggests that IT plays a critical role in our ability to recognize, categorize and remember large amounts of complex images. <br /> Anomia, impaired recall of words with no impairment of comprehension or the capacity to repeat the words is associated with damage to the inferior temporal cortex. Research suggests that pure anomia (inability to access word forms) may follow damage to posterior inferior temporal cortex while semantic anomia (degradation of semantic knowledge) is associated with damage to anterior temporal lobe regions.</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Inferotemportal_cortex 2008-04-27T23:00:41Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> [[Image:http://bama.ua.edu/~sprentic/672%20aggression-brain.jpg]]<br /> <br /> The Inferotemporal cortex (IT) is an area in the brain important for high-level visual processing and is essential for recognizing and perceiving objects. It is part of the ventral stream of the primary visual cortex or V1. The primary visual cortex transmits information to two pathways in the brain; the dorsal stream and the ventral stream. The ventral stream begins with V1, goes through V2 and V4, and from there information goes to the inferior temporal cortex. <br /> <br /> ==Damage to the Inferior Temporal Cortex==<br /> <br /> The Inferior Temporal Cortex recognizes complex objects such as faces and shapes with particular color and texture combinations. Action potentials (also known as nerve impulse) are fired selectively in response to these complex objects and removal or impairment of the IT causes our recognition and memory of objects to suffer. Evidence of this impairment has been documented and suggests that IT plays a critical role in our ability to recognize, categorize and remember large amounts of complex images. <br /> Anomia, impaired recall of words with no impairment of comprehension or the capacity to repeat the words is associated with damage to the inferior temporal cortex. Research suggests that pure anomia (inability to access word forms) may follow damage to posterior inferior temporal cortex while semantic anomia (degradation of semantic knowledge) is associated with damage to anterior temporal lobe regions.</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Inferotemportal_cortex 2008-04-27T22:47:35Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> The Inferotemporal cortex (IT) is an area in the brain important for high-level visual processing and is essential for recognizing and perceiving objects. It is part of the ventral stream of the primary visual cortex or V1. The primary visual cortex transmits information to two pathways in the brain; the dorsal stream and the ventral stream. The ventral stream begins with V1, goes through V2 and V4, and from there information goes to the inferior temporal cortex. It is the final visual area in the ventral stream of cortical areas responsible for object recognition. <br /> <br /> ==Damage to the Inferior Temporal Cortex==<br /> <br /> Faces and shapes with particular color and texture combinations are complex objects that are recognized with the IT. Action potentials (also known as nerve impulse) are fired selectively in response to these complex objects which suggesting that removal or impairment of the IT causes our recognition and memory of objects to suffer. Evidence of this impairment has been documented and suggests that IT is plays a critical role in our ability to recognize, categorize and remember large amounts of complex images. <br /> Anomia, impaired recall of words with no impairment of comprehension or the capacity to repeat the words is associated with damage to the inferior temporal cortex. Research suggests that pure anomia (inability to access word forms) may follow damage to posterior inferior temporal cortex while semantic anomia (degradation of semantic knowledge) is associated with damage to anterior temporal lobe regions.</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Inferotemportal_cortex 2008-04-27T21:53:04Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> The Inferotemporal cortex (IT) is a higher visual area in the brain that is essential for recognizing and perceiving objects. It is part of the ventral stream of the primary visual cortex or V1. The primary visual cortex or V1 transmits information to two pathways in the brain; the dorsal stream and the ventral stream. The ventral stream begins with V1, goes through V2 and V4, then information goes to the inferior temporal cortex. It is the final visual area in the ventral stream of cortical areas responsible for object recognition. Faces and shapes with particular color and texture combinations are complex objects that are recognized with the IT. Action potentials are fired selectively in response to these complex objects which makes removal of the IT impairs the recognition and memory of objects. and facesNeurons in the IT fire action potentials selectively in response to certain complex objects like shapes and faces</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Inferotemportal_cortex 2008-04-27T20:37:03Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> [[Image:aggression-brain.jpg]]</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Inferotemportal_cortex 2008-04-27T20:36:28Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> [[Image:Amygdala hippocampus lateral large.jpg]]</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Inferotemportal_cortex 2008-04-27T20:30:48Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> [[Image:http://bama.ua.edu/~sprentic/672%20aggression-brain.jpg]]</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Minnesota_multiphasic_personality_inventory 2008-04-27T20:13:05Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> [[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> '''The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory''' (MMPI) was developed in the 1930's by Starke R. Hathaway, PhD, and J.C. Mckinley, MD at Minnesota University and is the most used clinical assessment test. It is used to identify personality and psychopathology. This questionnaire contains 567 true-false statements measuring 14 personality scales. The test is evaluated and analyzed by a trained psychologists who then assess the individuals personality function and determine psychopathologic status. Though this test is not perfect, it is a valuable tool helpful with diagnosis and the treatment of mental illness. It's several uses include, legal cases, criminal defense, custody disputes, screening instrument for high risk jobs and treatment programs. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Revisions to the MMPI==<br /> Accuracy of the MMPI have been questioned since the published date of 1930 regarding the sample group first used. Critics questioned the adequacy possible test biases such as sexist and racist questions. In the late 1980's the MMPI was revised by omitting/changing/adding questions as well as adding new validity scales. In 1989 the revised edition was released as the MMPI-2. In 2001 the test was revised for a third time but maintains the MMPI-2 identification. <br /> <br /> ==Scoring==<br /> <br /> The test is designed for ages 18+ and the 567 questions take 60-90 minutes to complete. A trained psychologist or psychiatrist gives, scores and interprets results which always should be used in collaboration with other clinical assessment tools. It can be scored by hand or computer. <br /> <br /> ==Scales of the MMPI==<br /> <br /> '''Hypochodriasis'''<br /> <br /> '''Depression'''<br /> <br /> '''Hysteria'''<br /> <br /> '''Psychopathic Deviate'''<br /> <br /> '''Masculinity/Feminitiy'''<br /> <br /> '''Paranoia'''<br /> <br /> '''Psychasthenia'''<br /> <br /> '''Schizophrenia'''<br /> <br /> '''Hypomania'''<br /> <br /> '''Social Introversion'''<br /> <br /> ==Validity Scales==<br /> <br /> '''The L Scale'''<br /> Referred to as the &quot;lie scale&quot; this was developed to detect the patients attempts to present themselves favorably. Scoring high on this scale means the person has deliberately tried to present themselves in the most positive way while rejecting characteristics of themselves that might be unfavorable. Scoring low tends to be well-educated people from high social classes. <br /> <br /> '''The F Scale'''<br /> Used to detect &quot;faking good&quot; or &quot;faking bad&quot;. People scoring high are usually trying to appear better or worse than they really are. <br /> <br /> '''The K Scale'''<br /> Often reffered to as &quot;defensiveness scale&quot; is another scale used to detect attempts to present oneself in the best possible way. <br /> <br /> '''The ? Scale'''<br /> This is the number of items left unanswered. There must be less than 30 for the test to be considered valid. <br /> <br /> '''TRIN Scale and the VRIN Scale'''<br /> True Response Inconsistency Scale and the Variable Response Inconsistency Scale were developed to detect inconsistent responses. <br /> <br /> '''Fb Scale'''<br /> Composed of 40 items that less than 10% of normal people support. High scores can indicate the person started answering randomly without concern to the actual question.</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Minnesota_multiphasic_personality_inventory 2008-04-27T20:12:36Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> [[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was developed in the 1930's by Starke R. Hathaway, PhD, and J.C. Mckinley, MD at Minnesota University and is the most used clinical assessment test. It is used to identify personality and psychopathology. This questionnaire contains 567 true-false statements measuring 14 personality scales. The test is evaluated and analyzed by a trained psychologists who then assess the individuals personality function and determine psychopathologic status. Though this test is not perfect, it is a valuable tool helpful with diagnosis and the treatment of mental illness. It's several uses include, legal cases, criminal defense, custody disputes, screening instrument for high risk jobs and treatment programs. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Revisions to the MMPI==<br /> Accuracy of the MMPI have been questioned since the published date of 1930 regarding the sample group first used. Critics questioned the adequacy possible test biases such as sexist and racist questions. In the late 1980's the MMPI was revised by omitting/changing/adding questions as well as adding new validity scales. In 1989 the revised edition was released as the MMPI-2. In 2001 the test was revised for a third time but maintains the MMPI-2 identification. <br /> <br /> ==Scoring==<br /> <br /> The test is designed for ages 18+ and the 567 questions take 60-90 minutes to complete. A trained psychologist or psychiatrist gives, scores and interprets results which always should be used in collaboration with other clinical assessment tools. It can be scored by hand or computer. <br /> <br /> ==Scales of the MMPI==<br /> <br /> '''Hypochodriasis'''<br /> <br /> '''Depression'''<br /> <br /> '''Hysteria'''<br /> <br /> '''Psychopathic Deviate'''<br /> <br /> '''Masculinity/Feminitiy'''<br /> <br /> '''Paranoia'''<br /> <br /> '''Psychasthenia'''<br /> <br /> '''Schizophrenia'''<br /> <br /> '''Hypomania'''<br /> <br /> '''Social Introversion'''<br /> <br /> ==Validity Scales==<br /> <br /> '''The L Scale'''<br /> Referred to as the &quot;lie scale&quot; this was developed to detect the patients attempts to present themselves favorably. Scoring high on this scale means the person has deliberately tried to present themselves in the most positive way while rejecting characteristics of themselves that might be unfavorable. Scoring low tends to be well-educated people from high social classes. <br /> <br /> '''The F Scale'''<br /> Used to detect &quot;faking good&quot; or &quot;faking bad&quot;. People scoring high are usually trying to appear better or worse than they really are. <br /> <br /> '''The K Scale'''<br /> Often reffered to as &quot;defensiveness scale&quot; is another scale used to detect attempts to present oneself in the best possible way. <br /> <br /> '''The ? Scale'''<br /> This is the number of items left unanswered. There must be less than 30 for the test to be considered valid. <br /> <br /> '''TRIN Scale and the VRIN Scale'''<br /> True Response Inconsistency Scale and the Variable Response Inconsistency Scale were developed to detect inconsistent responses. <br /> <br /> '''Fb Scale'''<br /> Composed of 40 items that less than 10% of normal people support. High scores can indicate the person started answering randomly without concern to the actual question.</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Minnesota_multiphasic_personality_inventory 2008-04-27T20:11:34Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;/* Scales of the MMPI */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> [[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)was developed in the 1930's by Starke R. Hathaway, PhD, and J.C. Mckinley, MD at Minnesota University and is the most used clinical assessment test. It is used to identify personality and psychopathology. This questionnaire contains 567 true-false statements measuring 14 personality scales. The test is evaluated and analyzed by a trained psychologists who then assess the individuals personality function and determine psychopathologic status. Though this test is not perfect, it is a valuable tool helpful with diagnosis and the treatment of mental illness. It's several uses include, legal cases, criminal defense, custody disputes, screening instrument for high risk jobs and treatment programs. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Revisions to the MMPI==<br /> Accuracy of the MMPI have been questioned since the published date of 1930 regarding the sample group first used. Critics questioned the adequacy possible test biases such as sexist and racist questions. In the late 1980's the MMPI was revised by omitting/changing/adding questions as well as adding new validity scales. In 1989 the revised edition was released as the MMPI-2. In 2001 the test was revised for a third time but maintains the MMPI-2 identification. <br /> <br /> ==Scoring==<br /> <br /> The test is designed for ages 18+ and the 567 questions take 60-90 minutes to complete. A trained psychologist or psychiatrist gives, scores and interprets results which always should be used in collaboration with other clinical assessment tools. It can be scored by hand or computer. <br /> <br /> ==Scales of the MMPI==<br /> <br /> '''Hypochodriasis'''<br /> <br /> '''Depression'''<br /> <br /> '''Hysteria'''<br /> <br /> '''Psychopathic Deviate'''<br /> <br /> '''Masculinity/Feminitiy'''<br /> <br /> '''Paranoia'''<br /> <br /> '''Psychasthenia'''<br /> <br /> '''Schizophrenia'''<br /> <br /> '''Hypomania'''<br /> <br /> '''Social Introversion'''<br /> <br /> ==Validity Scales==<br /> <br /> '''The L Scale'''<br /> Referred to as the &quot;lie scale&quot; this was developed to detect the patients attempts to present themselves favorably. Scoring high on this scale means the person has deliberately tried to present themselves in the most positive way while rejecting characteristics of themselves that might be unfavorable. Scoring low tends to be well-educated people from high social classes. <br /> <br /> '''The F Scale'''<br /> Used to detect &quot;faking good&quot; or &quot;faking bad&quot;. People scoring high are usually trying to appear better or worse than they really are. <br /> <br /> '''The K Scale'''<br /> Often reffered to as &quot;defensiveness scale&quot; is another scale used to detect attempts to present oneself in the best possible way. <br /> <br /> '''The ? Scale'''<br /> This is the number of items left unanswered. There must be less than 30 for the test to be considered valid. <br /> <br /> '''TRIN Scale and the VRIN Scale'''<br /> True Response Inconsistency Scale and the Variable Response Inconsistency Scale were developed to detect inconsistent responses. <br /> <br /> '''Fb Scale'''<br /> Composed of 40 items that less than 10% of normal people support. High scores can indicate the person started answering randomly without concern to the actual question.</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Minnesota_multiphasic_personality_inventory 2008-04-27T20:10:09Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> [[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)was developed in the 1930's by Starke R. Hathaway, PhD, and J.C. Mckinley, MD at Minnesota University and is the most used clinical assessment test. It is used to identify personality and psychopathology. This questionnaire contains 567 true-false statements measuring 14 personality scales. The test is evaluated and analyzed by a trained psychologists who then assess the individuals personality function and determine psychopathologic status. Though this test is not perfect, it is a valuable tool helpful with diagnosis and the treatment of mental illness. It's several uses include, legal cases, criminal defense, custody disputes, screening instrument for high risk jobs and treatment programs. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Revisions to the MMPI==<br /> Accuracy of the MMPI have been questioned since the published date of 1930 regarding the sample group first used. Critics questioned the adequacy possible test biases such as sexist and racist questions. In the late 1980's the MMPI was revised by omitting/changing/adding questions as well as adding new validity scales. In 1989 the revised edition was released as the MMPI-2. In 2001 the test was revised for a third time but maintains the MMPI-2 identification. <br /> <br /> ==Scoring==<br /> <br /> The test is designed for ages 18+ and the 567 questions take 60-90 minutes to complete. A trained psychologist or psychiatrist gives, scores and interprets results which always should be used in collaboration with other clinical assessment tools. It can be scored by hand or computer. <br /> <br /> ==Scales of the MMPI==<br /> <br /> '''Hypochodriasis'''<br /> '''Depression'''<br /> '''Hysteria'''<br /> '''Psychopathic Deviate'''<br /> '''Masculinity/Feminitiy'''<br /> '''Paranoia'''<br /> '''Psychasthenia'''<br /> '''Schizophrenia'''<br /> '''Hypomania'''<br /> '''Social Introversion'''<br /> <br /> ==Validity Scales==<br /> <br /> '''The L Scale'''<br /> Referred to as the &quot;lie scale&quot; this was developed to detect the patients attempts to present themselves favorably. Scoring high on this scale means the person has deliberately tried to present themselves in the most positive way while rejecting characteristics of themselves that might be unfavorable. Scoring low tends to be well-educated people from high social classes. <br /> <br /> '''The F Scale'''<br /> Used to detect &quot;faking good&quot; or &quot;faking bad&quot;. People scoring high are usually trying to appear better or worse than they really are. <br /> <br /> '''The K Scale'''<br /> Often reffered to as &quot;defensiveness scale&quot; is another scale used to detect attempts to present oneself in the best possible way. <br /> <br /> '''The ? Scale'''<br /> This is the number of items left unanswered. There must be less than 30 for the test to be considered valid. <br /> <br /> '''TRIN Scale and the VRIN Scale'''<br /> True Response Inconsistency Scale and the Variable Response Inconsistency Scale were developed to detect inconsistent responses. <br /> <br /> '''Fb Scale'''<br /> Composed of 40 items that less than 10% of normal people support. High scores can indicate the person started answering randomly without concern to the actual question.</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/User:Mewalsh 2008-04-27T19:01:24Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div></div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Parkinson%27s_Disease 2008-04-25T04:00:44Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;/* External Resources */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Parkinson's disease''' <br /> Also called: Paralysis agitans, Shaking palsy<br /> Parkinson's disease (PD) affects neurons in the part of the brain that controls muscle movement. PD belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders. These disorders are categorized by the loss of neurons that make dopamine (chemical that sends signals to create movement). These cells either die or do not work properly. <br /> <br /> == Common Symptoms ==<br /> Symptoms of PD include:<br /> -tremors or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face<br /> -stiffness of the limbs and trunk<br /> -movement slows<br /> -posture instable, impaired balance and coordination<br /> <br /> <br /> Other symptoms may include:<br /> <br /> -depression and other emotional changes<br /> -difficulty in swallowing<br /> -chewing<br /> -speaking<br /> -urinary problems or constipation<br /> -skin problems<br /> -disrupted sleep cycle<br /> <br /> These symptoms cause one to have trouble walking, talking and interfere with many other daily activities. Though it usually starts to affect people over 50 symptoms may start earlier. Early symptoms are subtle but progress over time, varying between patients.<br /> <br /> == Treatment ==<br /> Though PD can not be cured symptoms can be controlled or diminished with treatments such as medication, physical therapy and even diet and exercise can help. Working with a physical therapist can help improve walking and overall balance while working with a speech pathologist can help improve speech and swallowing. When life style changes aren't enough most doctors will recommend the use of medications. <br /> <br /> ==Medications==<br /> Medications can help manage tremors and help to improve mobility and movement by increasing the brain's supply of dopamine. <br /> <br /> == External Resources ==<br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkqHih3ug2g Video of PARKINSON'S DISEASE]<br /> [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm Parkinson's Disease Information Page]<br /> <br /> [http://www.neurologychannel.com/parkinsonsdisease/index.shtml Neurology Channel]</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Parkinson%27s_Disease 2008-04-25T03:45:52Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;/* Other Symptoms */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Parkinson's disease''' <br /> Also called: Paralysis agitans, Shaking palsy<br /> Parkinson's disease (PD) affects neurons in the part of the brain that controls muscle movement. PD belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders. These disorders are categorized by the loss of neurons that make dopamine (chemical that sends signals to create movement). These cells either die or do not work properly. <br /> <br /> == Common Symptoms ==<br /> Symptoms of PD include:<br /> -tremors or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face<br /> -stiffness of the limbs and trunk<br /> -movement slows<br /> -posture instable, impaired balance and coordination<br /> <br /> <br /> Other symptoms may include:<br /> <br /> -depression and other emotional changes<br /> -difficulty in swallowing<br /> -chewing<br /> -speaking<br /> -urinary problems or constipation<br /> -skin problems<br /> -disrupted sleep cycle<br /> <br /> These symptoms cause one to have trouble walking, talking and interfere with many other daily activities. Though it usually starts to affect people over 50 symptoms may start earlier. Early symptoms are subtle but progress over time, varying between patients.<br /> <br /> == External Resources ==<br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkqHih3ug2g Video of PARKINSON'S DISEASE]<br /> [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm Parkinson's Disease Information Page]<br /> <br /> [http://www.neurologychannel.com/parkinsonsdisease/index.shtml Neurology Channel]</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Antonio_Damasio 2008-04-25T03:41:44Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br /> <br /> ANTONIO R. DAMASIO, M.D. Ph.D is M.W. is the director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California where he studies the fundamental mechanisms of cognition and cognitive and behavioral disturbances caused by diseases of central nervous systems. Known internationally, his research in the area of neuroscience has provided a better understanding of the neural systems underlying memory, language and consciousness. His research focuses on emotions and the important role they play on social cognition and decision making. His clinical interests focus on disorders of behavior and cognition, and movement disorders. His honors and awards include the Arnold Pfeffer Prize (2002), the Reenpaa Prize in Neuroscience (2000), and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997) and the Neurosciences Research Program (1997). <br /> Not only has he been published in numerous journals and magazines he has also written several books including, &quot;Decartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain&quot; and &quot;The feeling of what happens: Body and Emotion in the making of consciousness&quot; and &quot;Looking for Spinoza.&quot; During an interview discussing his third book he describes the nature and significance of feelings. <br /> &quot;Now,we can speak with confidence about &quot;what feelings are&quot; - where they come from, how they happen, what they are made of biologically. That is why the book's subtitle is the &quot;feeling brain.&quot; We have identified brain areas and brain pathways necessary to feel emotions. Armed with the new knowledge we can even venture to say what feelings are for. The new knowledge broadens our view of human nature. We can not really know who we are if we do not understand the brain mechanisms behind emotion and feeling - what causes emotions, what leads to feelings, how they affect our decisions, social behavior, and creativity, and where they fit in evolution.&quot; [http://www.harcourtbooks.com/authorinterviews/bookinterview_Damasio.asp]<br /> <br /> http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580386,00.html</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Antonio_Damasio 2008-04-25T03:40:50Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br /> <br /> ANTONIO R. DAMASIO, M.D. Ph.D is M.W. is the director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California where he studies the fundamental mechanisms of cognition and cognitive and behavioral disturbances caused by diseases of central nervous systems. Known internationally, his research in the area of neuroscience has provided a better understanding of the neural systems underlying memory, language and consciousness. His research focuses on emotions and the important role they play on social cognition and decision making. His clinical interests focus on disorders of behavior and cognition, and movement disorders. His honors and awards include the Arnold Pfeffer Prize (2002), the Reenpaa Prize in Neuroscience (2000), and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997) and the Neurosciences Research Program (1997). <br /> Not only has he been published in numerous journals and magazines he has also written several books including, &quot;Decartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain&quot; and &quot;The feeling of what happens: Body and Emotion in the making of consciousness&quot; and &quot;Looking for Spinoza.&quot; During an interview discussing his third book he describes the nature and significance of feelings. <br /> &quot;Now,we can speak with confidence about &quot;what feelings are&quot; - where they come from, how they happen, what they are made of biologically. That is why the book's subtitle is the &quot;feeling brain.&quot; We have identified brain areas and brain pathways necessary to feel emotions. Armed with the new knowledge we can even venture to say what feelings are for. The new knowledge broadens our view of human nature. We can not really know who we are if we do not understand the brain mechanisms behind emotion and feeling - what causes emotions, what leads to feelings, how they affect our decisions, social behavior, and creativity, and where they fit in evolution.&quot; [http://www.harcourtbooks.com/authorinterviews/bookinterview_Damasio.asp]<br /> [[Image:http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/ing/04/premiados/archivos/fotos/zoom/foto802.jpg]]<br /> http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580386,00.html</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Antonio_Damasio 2008-04-25T03:38:36Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br /> <br /> ANTONIO R. DAMASIO, M.D. Ph.D is M.W. is the director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California where he studies the fundamental mechanisms of cognition and cognitive and behavioral disturbances caused by diseases of central nervous systems. Known internationally, his research in the area of neuroscience has provided a better understanding of the neural systems underlying memory, language and consciousness. His research focuses on emotions and the important role they play on social cognition and decision making. His clinical interests focus on disorders of behavior and cognition, and movement disorders. His honors and awards include the Arnold Pfeffer Prize (2002), the Reenpaa Prize in Neuroscience (2000), and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997) and the Neurosciences Research Program (1997). <br /> Not only has he been published in numerous journals and magazines he has also written several books including, &quot;Decartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain&quot; and &quot;The feeling of what happens: Body and Emotion in the making of consciousness&quot; and &quot;Looking for Spinoza.&quot; During an interview discussing his third book he describes the nature and significance of feelings. <br /> &quot;Now,we can speak with confidence about &quot;what feelings are&quot; - where they come from, how they happen, what they are made of biologically. That is why the book's subtitle is the &quot;feeling brain.&quot; We have identified brain areas and brain pathways necessary to feel emotions. Armed with the new knowledge we can even venture to say what feelings are for. The new knowledge broadens our view of human nature. We can not really know who we are if we do not understand the brain mechanisms behind emotion and feeling - what causes emotions, what leads to feelings, how they affect our decisions, social behavior, and creativity, and where they fit in evolution.&quot; [http://www.harcourtbooks.com/authorinterviews/bookinterview_Damasio.asp]<br /> <br /> [[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580386,00.html]]</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Antonio_Damasio 2008-04-25T03:33:47Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br /> <br /> ANTONIO R. DAMASIO, M.D. Ph.D is M.W. is the director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California where he studies the fundamental mechanisms of cognition and cognitive and behavioral disturbances caused by diseases of central nervous systems. Known internationally, his research in the area of neuroscience has provided a better understanding of the neural systems underlying memory, language and consciousness. His research focuses on emotions and the important role they play on social cognition and decision making. His clinical interests focus on disorders of behavior and cognition, and movement disorders. His honors and awards include the Arnold Pfeffer Prize (2002), the Reenpaa Prize in Neuroscience (2000), and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997) and the Neurosciences Research Program (1997). <br /> Not only has he been published in numerous journals and magazines he has also written several books including, &quot;Decartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain&quot; and &quot;The feeling of what happens: Body and Emotion in the making of consciousness&quot; and &quot;Looking for Spinoza.&quot; During an interview discussing his third book he describes the nature and significance of feelings. <br /> &quot;Now,we can speak with confidence about &quot;what feelings are&quot; - where they come from, how they happen, what they are made of biologically. That is why the book's subtitle is the &quot;feeling brain.&quot; We have identified brain areas and brain pathways necessary to feel emotions. Armed with the new knowledge we can even venture to say what feelings are for. The new knowledge broadens our view of human nature. We can not really know who we are if we do not understand the brain mechanisms behind emotion and feeling - what causes emotions, what leads to feelings, how they affect our decisions, social behavior, and creativity, and where they fit in evolution.&quot; [http://www.harcourtbooks.com/authorinterviews/bookinterview_Damasio.asp]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580386,00.html]</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Antonio_Damasio 2008-04-25T03:31:15Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br /> '''ANTONIO R. DAMASIO''', M.D. Ph.D is M.W. is the director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California where he studies the fundamental mechanisms of cognition and cognitive and behavioral disturbances caused by diseases of central nervous systems. Known internationally, his research in the area neuroscience has provided a better understanding of the neural systems underlying memory, language and consciousness. His research focuses on emotions and the important role they play on social cognition and decision making. His clinical interests focus on disorders of behavior and cognition, and movement disorders. He has won many honors and awards, including the Arnold Pfeffer Prize (2002), the Reenpaa Prize in Neuroscience (2000), and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997) and the Neurosciences Research Program (1997). <br /> Not only has he been published in numerous journals and magazines he has also written several books including, &quot;Decartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain&quot; and &quot;The feeling of what happens: Body and Emotion in the making of consciousness&quot; and &quot;Looking for Spinoza.&quot; During an interview discussing his third book he describes the nature and significance of feelings. <br /> &quot;Now,we can speak with confidence about &quot;what feelings are&quot; - where they come from, how they happen, what they are made of biologically. That is why the book's subtitle is the &quot;feeling brain.&quot; We have identified brain areas and brain pathways necessary to feel emotions. Armed with the new knowledge we can even venture to say what feelings are for. The new knowledge broadens our view of human nature. We can not really know who we are if we do not understand the brain mechanisms behind emotion and feeling - what causes emotions, what leads to feelings, how they affect our decisions, social behavior, and creativity, and where they fit in evolution.&quot; [http://www.harcourtbooks.com/authorinterviews/bookinterview_Damasio.asp]<br /> <br /> '''ANTONIO R. DAMASIO''', M.D. Ph.D is M.W. is the director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California where he studies the fundamental mechanisms of cognition and cognitive and behavioral disturbances caused by diseases of central nervous systems. Known internationally, his research in the area neuroscience has provided a better understanding of the neural systems underlying memory, language and consciousness. His research focuses on emotions and the important role they play on social cognition and decision making. His clinical interests focus on disorders of behavior and cognition, and movement disorders. He has won many honors and awards, including the Arnold Pfeffer Prize (2002), the Reenpaa Prize in Neuroscience (2000), and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997) and the Neurosciences Research Program (1997). <br /> <br /> <br /> [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580386,00.html]</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Antonio_Damasio 2008-04-25T03:30:05Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br /> '''ANTONIO R. DAMASIO''', M.D. Ph.D is M.W. is the director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California where he studies the fundamental mechanisms of cognition and cognitive and behavioral disturbances caused by diseases of central nervous systems. Known internationally, his research in the area neuroscience has provided a better understanding of the neural systems underlying memory, language and consciousness. His research focuses on emotions and the important role they play on social cognition and decision making. His clinical interests focus on disorders of behavior and cognition, and movement disorders. He has won many honors and awards, including the Arnold Pfeffer Prize (2002), the Reenpaa Prize in Neuroscience (2000), and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997) and the Neurosciences Research Program (1997). <br /> Not only has he been published in numerous journals and magazines he has also written several books including, &quot;Decartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain&quot; and &quot;The feeling of what happens: Body and Emotion in the making of consciousness&quot; and &quot;Looking for Spinoza.&quot; During an interview discussing his third book he describes the nature and significance of feelings. <br /> &quot;Now,we can speak with confidence about &quot;what feelings are&quot; - where they come from, how they happen, what they are made of biologically. That is why the book's subtitle is the &quot;feeling brain.&quot; We have identified brain areas and brain pathways necessary to feel emotions. Armed with the new knowledge we can even venture to say what feelings are for. The new knowledge broadens our view of human nature. We can not really know who we are if we do not understand the brain mechanisms behind emotion and feeling - what causes emotions, what leads to feelings, how they affect our decisions, social behavior, and creativity, and where they fit in evolution.&quot; [http://www.harcourtbooks.com/authorinterviews/bookinterview_Damasio.asp]<br /> <br /> [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580386,00.html]</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Antonio_Damasio 2008-04-25T03:28:09Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br /> <br /> '''ANTONIO R. DAMASIO''', M.D. Ph.D is M.W. is the director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California where he studies the fundamental mechanisms of cognition and cognitive and behavioral disturbances caused by diseases of central nervous systems. Known internationally, his research in the area neuroscience has provided a better understanding of the neural systems underlying memory, language and consciousness. His research focuses on emotions and the important role they play on social cognition and decision making. His clinical interests focus on disorders of behavior and cognition, and movement disorders. He has won many honors and awards, including the Arnold Pfeffer Prize (2002), the Reenpaa Prize in Neuroscience (2000), and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997) and the Neurosciences Research Program (1997). <br /> Not only has he been published in numerous journals and magazines he has also written several books including, &quot;Decartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain&quot; and &quot;The feeling of what happens: Body and Emotion in the making of consciousness&quot; and &quot;Looking for Spinoza.&quot; During an interview discussing his third book he describes the nature and significance of feelings. <br /> &quot;Now,we can speak with confidence about &quot;what feelings are&quot; - where they come from, how they happen, what they are made of biologically. That is why the book's subtitle is the &quot;feeling brain.&quot; We have identified brain areas and brain pathways necessary to feel emotions. Armed with the new knowledge we can even venture to say what feelings are for. The new knowledge broadens our view of human nature. We can not really know who we are if we do not understand the brain mechanisms behind emotion and feeling - what causes emotions, what leads to feelings, how they affect our decisions, social behavior, and creativity, and where they fit in evolution.&quot; [http://www.harcourtbooks.com/authorinterviews/bookinterview_Damasio.asp]<br /> <br /> [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580386,00.html]</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Antonio_Damasio 2008-04-25T03:26:00Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br /> <br /> '''ANTONIO R. DAMASIO''', M.D. Ph.D is M.W. is the director of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California where he studies the fundamental mechanisms of cognition and cognitive and behavioral disturbances caused by diseases of central nervous systems. Known internationally, his research in the area neuroscience has provided a better understanding of the neural systems underlying memory, language and consciousness. His research focuses on emotions and the important role they play on social cognition and decision making. His clinical interests focus on disorders of behavior and cognition, and movement disorders. He has won many honors and awards, including the Arnold Pfeffer Prize (2002), the Reenpaa Prize in Neuroscience (2000), and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1997) and the Neurosciences Research Program (1997). <br /> Not only has he been published in numerous journals and magazines he has also written several books including, &quot;Decartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain&quot; and &quot;The feeling of what happens: Body and Emotion in the making of consciousness&quot; and &quot;Looking for Spinoza.&quot; During an interview discussing his third book he describes the nature and significance of feelings. <br /> &quot;Now,we can speak with confidence about &quot;what feelings are&quot; - where they come from, how they happen, what they are made of biologically. That is why the book's subtitle is the &quot;feeling brain.&quot; We have identified brain areas and brain pathways necessary to feel emotions. Armed with the new knowledge we can even venture to say what feelings are for. The new knowledge broadens our view of human nature. We can not really know who we are if we do not understand the brain mechanisms behind emotion and feeling - what causes emotions, what leads to feelings, how they affect our decisions, social behavior, and creativity, and where they fit in evolution.&quot; [http://www.harcourtbooks.com/authorinterviews/bookinterview_Damasio.asp]<br /> <br /> [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580386,00.html]</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Parkinson%27s_Disease 2008-04-01T23:40:10Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Parkinson's disease''' <br /> Also called: Paralysis agitans, Shaking palsy<br /> Parkinson's disease (PD) affects neurons in the part of the brain that controls muscle movement. PD belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders. These disorders are categorized by the loss of neurons that make dopamine (chemical that sends signals to create movement). These cells either die or do not work properly. Symptoms of PD include:<br /> <br /> -tremors or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face<br /> -stiffness of the limbs and trunk<br /> -movement slows<br /> -posture instable, impaired balance and coordination<br /> <br /> Other symptoms may include:<br /> <br /> -depression and other emotional changes<br /> -difficulty in swallowing<br /> -chewing<br /> -speaking<br /> -urinary problems or constipation<br /> -skin problems<br /> -disrupted sleep cycle<br /> <br /> These symptoms cause one to have trouble walking, talking and interfere with many other daily activities. Though it usually starts to affect people over 50 symptoms may start earlier. Early symptoms are subtle but progress over time, varying between patients.</div>

Mewalsh http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/User:Mewalsh 2008-02-29T05:03:18Z

<p>Mewalsh:&#32;PD</p> <hr /> <div>Parkinson's Disease</div>

Mewalsh