http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/?feed=atom&target=Jmueller&title=Special%3AContributionsPsy3241 - User contributions [en]2026-10-02T12:47:36ZFrom Psy3241MediaWiki 1.15.1http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Phineas_GagePhineas Gage2008-04-24T21:04:54Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br />
•Phineas Gage was born July 9, 1823, in Lebanon, Grafton County, New Hampshire.<br />
<br />
•He died in San Francisco, California on May 21, 1860.<br />
<br />
•On September 13, 1848 Gage, being part of a team of railroad workers in charge of digging blast holes to build a railroad, filled the hole with gunpowder but left out the sand. While tamping it down "the powder exploded, carrying an instrument through his head an inch and a fourth in circumference [sic], and three feet and eight inches in length, which he was using at the time. The iron entered on the side of his face, shattering the upper jaw, and passing back of the left eye, and out the top of his head."<br />
<br />
[[Image:Skull_rod.jpg]]<br />
<br />
•Gage spoke within a few minutes, walked with little or no assistance, and sat upright in a cart for the 3/4-mile ride to town. Though physicians found him weak from hemorrhage, he had a regular pulse of about 60 and was alert and coherent.<br />
<br />
•Amazingly, the rod seemed to have just missed any vital sensory areas in his head, such as the sinus and the left optic nerve.<br />
<br />
•It is still uncertain as to whether the rod damaged both frontal lobes or just the left.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Skull_rod2.jpg]]<br />
<br />
•Pre-accident Gage has been described as hard-working, responsible, and popular with the men in his charge.<br />
<br />
•Post-accident Gage, however, has been described as fitful, irreverent, indulging at times in the grossest profanity (which was not previously his custom), manifesting but little deference for his fellows, impatient of restraint or advice when it conflicts with his desires, at times pertinaciously obstinate, yet capricious and vacillating, devising many plans of future operations, which are no sooner arranged than they are abandoned in turn for others appearing more feasible.<br />
<br />
== External Resources ==<br />
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJqCOarebWw The Phinease Gage Story Video Clip]</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Parkinson%27s_DiseaseParkinson's Disease2008-04-24T20:59:05Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br />
'''Parkinson's disease''' <br />
Also called: Paralysis agitans, Shaking palsy<br />
Parkinson's disease (PD) affects neurons in the part of the brain that controls muscle movement. PD belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders. These disorders are categorized by the loss of neurons that make dopamine (chemical that sends signals to create movement). These cells either die or do not work properly. <br />
<br />
== Common Symptoms ==<br />
Symptoms of PD include:<br />
-tremors or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face<br />
-stiffness of the limbs and trunk<br />
-movement slows<br />
-posture instable, impaired balance and coordination<br />
<br />
== Other Symptoms ==<br />
Other symptoms may include:<br />
<br />
-depression and other emotional changes<br />
-difficulty in swallowing<br />
-chewing<br />
-speaking<br />
-urinary problems or constipation<br />
-skin problems<br />
-disrupted sleep cycle<br />
<br />
These symptoms cause one to have trouble walking, talking and interfere with many other daily activities. Though it usually starts to affect people over 50 symptoms may start earlier. Early symptoms are subtle but progress over time, varying between patients.<br />
<br />
<br />
== External Resources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkqHih3ug2g Video of PARKINSON'S DISEASE]<br />
[http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm Parkinson's Disease Information Page]<br />
<br />
[http://www.neurologychannel.com/parkinsonsdisease/index.shtml Neurology Channel]</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Korsakoff%27s_syndromeKorsakoff's syndrome2008-04-24T20:54:44Z<p>Jmueller: /* Diagnosis */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br />
[http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.neuropathologyweb.org/chapter8/images8/8-2l.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.neuropathologyweb.org/chapter8/chapter8Nutritional.html&h=399&w=400&sz=148&hl=en&start=10&um=1&tbnid=OhJrGWAQUh9iBM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3DKorsakoff%2527s%2Bsyndrome%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN Pictures of a Patient's Brian with Korsakoff's Syndrome]<br />
<br />
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDcyBXJAZNM Video Clip]<br />
== Definition ==<br />
Korsakoff's syndrome is a memory disorder caused by a deficiency of vitamin B1, also called thiamine<br />
<br />
Named after Sergei Korsakoff, the neuropsychiatris who popularized the theory<br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
First mentioned in 19822 by James Jackson, a physician at Massachusetts General Hospital and professor at Boston Medical School, in a review of the peripheral neuritis of alcoholism<br />
<br />
1868 Sir Samuel Wilks, a physician at Guy's Hopital, London, gave an account of the characteristic mental symptoms in an article on alcoholic paraplegia<br />
<br />
In his doctoral thesis, Korsakoff called the condition "cerebropathia psychica toxaemica"<br />
<br />
The term Korsakoff's psychosis was introduced by Friedrich Jolly<br />
<br />
Korsakoff emphasized the association of alcoholic polyneuropathy with a specific pattern of mental disturbances by stating: "This mental disorder appears at times in the form of sharply delineated irritable weakness of the mental sphere, at times in the form of confusion with characteristic mistakes in orientation for place, time, and situation, and at times as an almost pure form of acute amnesia, where the recent memory is most severely involved, while the remote memory is well preserved¦ Some have suffered so widespread memory loss that they literally forget everything immediately."<br />
<br />
Korsakoff's psychosis was used originally to describe the combination of alcoholic polyneuropathy and characteristic mental disturbance and Korsakoff's syndrome was the non-alcoholic form with or without polyneuritis, which resulted from acquired conditions such as head injury, brain tumors, and encephalitis<br />
<br />
Blass and Gibson in 1977 identified a genetically determined disturbance of transketolase, which is a thiamine pyrophosphate-binding factor in fibroblasts<br />
<br />
Individuals who are homozygous for this defect are at an increased risk for developing thiamine deficiency in circumstances of dietary inadequacy<br />
<br />
== Causes and Symptoms ==<br />
The high calorie nature of alcohol is one of the main reasons that alcoholism leads to thiamine deficiency<br />
<br />
A large intake of alcohol substitutes alcohol for other calorie sources that contain more nutrition<br />
<br />
Food intake drops and multiple vitamin deficiencies develop as alcoholism grows<br />
<br />
It is believed that alcohol increases the body's requirement for B vitamins, while also interfering with the absorption of vitamin B1 from the intestine and impairing the body's ability to store and use B1<br />
<br />
Thiamine provides energy to the neurons of the brain in a variety of reactions<br />
<br />
As thiamine becomes unavailable, these reactions cannot be carried<br />
<br />
Because the end products of these reactions cannot be formed, substrates begin to accumulate and cause damage to the neurons<br />
<br />
The mamillary bodies and the thalamus of the diencephalon is responsible for the symptoms of this syndrome<br />
<br />
Those with Korsakoff's syndrome have difficulty with their memory<br />
<br />
Anterograde amnesia- the ability to learn new information is greatly affected, while intelligence and memory of past events is relatively unaffected<br />
<br />
Confabulation- a person with Korsakoff's syndrome fills in the gaps of their memory with fabricated or imagined information<br />
<br />
Complete unawareness of the memory defect and complete lack of worry or concern when it is pointed out<br />
<br />
Involves neuronal loss (damage to neurons), gliosis (result of damage to supporting cells of the central nervous system), and hemorrhage (bleeding in mammillary bodies)<br />
<br />
Other symptoms may include delirium, anxiety, fear, depression, confusion, delusions and insomnia; painful extremities, sometimes bilateral wrist drop, more frequent bilateral foot drop with pain or pressure over the long nerves<br />
<br />
== Diagnosis ==<br />
An individual diagnosed with alcoholism and a sudden onset of memory difficulties should be tested for Korsakoff's syndrome<br />
<br />
No specific test to diagnose this syndrome<br />
<br />
A careful examination of a patient's mental state could reveal the syndrome<br />
<br />
Check the patient's retention of factual information and the ability to learn new information<br />
<br />
A patient recovering from [[Wernicke's aphasia]] who begins to display memory difficulties is likely to have developed Korsakoff's syndrome<br />
<br />
== Treatment ==<br />
Immediate administration of thiamine<br />
<br />
Any individual, regardless of the diagnosis of Korsakoff's syndrome, should receive thiamine<br />
<br />
== Prognosis ==<br />
15-20% of all patients hospitalized for Wenicke's syndrome will die of Korsakoff's syndrome<br />
<br />
Half of those who survive the syndrome will have permanent ataxia (difficulty walking)<br />
<br />
The paralysis of the eye muscles almost always have complete recovery with thiamine treatment<br />
<br />
Improvement in symptoms can take months of thiamine replacement<br />
<br />
Memory-impaired for the rest of their lives<br />
<br />
Usually requires a supervised living situation<br />
<br />
== Prevention ==<br />
Maintaining a diet with sufficient intake of thiamine<br />
<br />
Supplement an inadequate diet with vitamin preparations<br />
<br />
Treat the underlying alcohol addiction<br />
<br />
== Works Cited==<br />
[http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/common/standard/transform.jsp?requestURI=/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/korsakoffs_syndrome.jsp Health A to Z]<br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsakoff's_syndrome Korsakoff's Syndrome]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/wernicke_korsakoff/wernicke-korsakoff.htm Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome Information Page]</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Korsakoff%27s_syndromeKorsakoff's syndrome2008-04-24T20:53:13Z<p>Jmueller: /* Diagnosis */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br />
[http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.neuropathologyweb.org/chapter8/images8/8-2l.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.neuropathologyweb.org/chapter8/chapter8Nutritional.html&h=399&w=400&sz=148&hl=en&start=10&um=1&tbnid=OhJrGWAQUh9iBM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3DKorsakoff%2527s%2Bsyndrome%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN Pictures of a Patient's Brian with Korsakoff's Syndrome]<br />
<br />
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDcyBXJAZNM Video Clip]<br />
== Definition ==<br />
Korsakoff's syndrome is a memory disorder caused by a deficiency of vitamin B1, also called thiamine<br />
<br />
Named after Sergei Korsakoff, the neuropsychiatris who popularized the theory<br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
First mentioned in 19822 by James Jackson, a physician at Massachusetts General Hospital and professor at Boston Medical School, in a review of the peripheral neuritis of alcoholism<br />
<br />
1868 Sir Samuel Wilks, a physician at Guy's Hopital, London, gave an account of the characteristic mental symptoms in an article on alcoholic paraplegia<br />
<br />
In his doctoral thesis, Korsakoff called the condition "cerebropathia psychica toxaemica"<br />
<br />
The term Korsakoff's psychosis was introduced by Friedrich Jolly<br />
<br />
Korsakoff emphasized the association of alcoholic polyneuropathy with a specific pattern of mental disturbances by stating: "This mental disorder appears at times in the form of sharply delineated irritable weakness of the mental sphere, at times in the form of confusion with characteristic mistakes in orientation for place, time, and situation, and at times as an almost pure form of acute amnesia, where the recent memory is most severely involved, while the remote memory is well preserved¦ Some have suffered so widespread memory loss that they literally forget everything immediately."<br />
<br />
Korsakoff's psychosis was used originally to describe the combination of alcoholic polyneuropathy and characteristic mental disturbance and Korsakoff's syndrome was the non-alcoholic form with or without polyneuritis, which resulted from acquired conditions such as head injury, brain tumors, and encephalitis<br />
<br />
Blass and Gibson in 1977 identified a genetically determined disturbance of transketolase, which is a thiamine pyrophosphate-binding factor in fibroblasts<br />
<br />
Individuals who are homozygous for this defect are at an increased risk for developing thiamine deficiency in circumstances of dietary inadequacy<br />
<br />
== Causes and Symptoms ==<br />
The high calorie nature of alcohol is one of the main reasons that alcoholism leads to thiamine deficiency<br />
<br />
A large intake of alcohol substitutes alcohol for other calorie sources that contain more nutrition<br />
<br />
Food intake drops and multiple vitamin deficiencies develop as alcoholism grows<br />
<br />
It is believed that alcohol increases the body's requirement for B vitamins, while also interfering with the absorption of vitamin B1 from the intestine and impairing the body's ability to store and use B1<br />
<br />
Thiamine provides energy to the neurons of the brain in a variety of reactions<br />
<br />
As thiamine becomes unavailable, these reactions cannot be carried<br />
<br />
Because the end products of these reactions cannot be formed, substrates begin to accumulate and cause damage to the neurons<br />
<br />
The mamillary bodies and the thalamus of the diencephalon is responsible for the symptoms of this syndrome<br />
<br />
Those with Korsakoff's syndrome have difficulty with their memory<br />
<br />
Anterograde amnesia- the ability to learn new information is greatly affected, while intelligence and memory of past events is relatively unaffected<br />
<br />
Confabulation- a person with Korsakoff's syndrome fills in the gaps of their memory with fabricated or imagined information<br />
<br />
Complete unawareness of the memory defect and complete lack of worry or concern when it is pointed out<br />
<br />
Involves neuronal loss (damage to neurons), gliosis (result of damage to supporting cells of the central nervous system), and hemorrhage (bleeding in mammillary bodies)<br />
<br />
Other symptoms may include delirium, anxiety, fear, depression, confusion, delusions and insomnia; painful extremities, sometimes bilateral wrist drop, more frequent bilateral foot drop with pain or pressure over the long nerves<br />
<br />
== Diagnosis ==<br />
An individual diagnosed with alcoholism and a sudden onset of memory difficulties should be tested for Korsakoff's syndrome<br />
<br />
No specific test to diagnose this syndrome<br />
<br />
A careful examination of a patient's mental state could reveal the syndrome<br />
<br />
Check the patient's retention of factual information and the ability to learn new information<br />
<br />
A patient just recovering from [[Wenicke's]] syndrome who begins to display memory difficulties is likely to have developed Korsakoff's syndrome<br />
<br />
== Treatment ==<br />
Immediate administration of thiamine<br />
<br />
Any individual, regardless of the diagnosis of Korsakoff's syndrome, should receive thiamine<br />
<br />
== Prognosis ==<br />
15-20% of all patients hospitalized for Wenicke's syndrome will die of Korsakoff's syndrome<br />
<br />
Half of those who survive the syndrome will have permanent ataxia (difficulty walking)<br />
<br />
The paralysis of the eye muscles almost always have complete recovery with thiamine treatment<br />
<br />
Improvement in symptoms can take months of thiamine replacement<br />
<br />
Memory-impaired for the rest of their lives<br />
<br />
Usually requires a supervised living situation<br />
<br />
== Prevention ==<br />
Maintaining a diet with sufficient intake of thiamine<br />
<br />
Supplement an inadequate diet with vitamin preparations<br />
<br />
Treat the underlying alcohol addiction<br />
<br />
== Works Cited==<br />
[http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/common/standard/transform.jsp?requestURI=/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/korsakoffs_syndrome.jsp Health A to Z]<br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsakoff's_syndrome Korsakoff's Syndrome]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/wernicke_korsakoff/wernicke-korsakoff.htm Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome Information Page]</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Wernicke%27s_aphasiaWernicke's aphasia2008-04-24T20:52:12Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br />
Wernicke's aphasia is a type of aphasia in which significant damage has been done to [[Wernicke's area]] in the posterior superior temporal gyrus of a person's dominant hemisphere. It was first discovered by [[Carl Wernicke]] and knowledge was significantly advanced by [[Norman Geschwind]].<br />
== External Link ==<br />
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVhYN7NTIKU Video of patient with Wernicke's aphasia]</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Reticular_activating_systemReticular activating system2008-04-24T20:44:30Z<p>Jmueller: /* Effect of Drugs */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br />
<br />
== Reticular Activating System ==<br />
The Reticular Activating System (RAS) is located near the medulla oblongata and the midbrain at the core of the brain. The RAS is believed to be fundamental for human and animal consciousness as well as arousal and motivation. The RAS also is believed to be vital in controlling circadian rhythms and other covert body functions such as respiration.<br />
[[Image:RAS.png]]<br />
<br />
== Damage ==<br />
The Reticular Activating System is one of the most resilient areas of the brain, and will be supplied oxygen and blood longer than other areas of the brain. Damage to the RAS can lead to Coma due to its function in controlling respiration and arousal. Damage can be caused by direct lesion or by oxygen deficiency as well as drug use. <br />
<br />
== Effect of Drugs == <br />
Drugs that are believed to directly effect the function of the RAS are called Psychoactive Drugs, which also directly effect the central nervous system. <br />
Stimulants such as cocaine, caffeine, and Adderall all increase the activity of the RAS and CNS. Analgesics which are more commonly known as pain killers, generally slow down the activity of the RAS and increase the activation of dopamine receptors in the RAS.<br />
<br />
== ADHD ==<br />
New research suggests the RAS plays an important role in Attention deficit disorder and Hyperactive attention deficit disorder. Studies suggest that children with an overly active RAS likely is managing ADD or ADHD<br />
<br />
== sources ==<br />
http://www.deficitdeatencion.org/reticular.htm</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Reticular_activating_systemReticular activating system2008-04-24T20:43:50Z<p>Jmueller: /* Reticular Activating System */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br />
<br />
== Reticular Activating System ==<br />
The Reticular Activating System (RAS) is located near the medulla oblongata and the midbrain at the core of the brain. The RAS is believed to be fundamental for human and animal consciousness as well as arousal and motivation. The RAS also is believed to be vital in controlling circadian rhythms and other covert body functions such as respiration.<br />
[[Image:RAS.png]]<br />
<br />
== Damage ==<br />
The Reticular Activating System is one of the most resilient areas of the brain, and will be supplied oxygen and blood longer than other areas of the brain. Damage to the RAS can lead to Coma due to its function in controlling respiration and arousal. Damage can be caused by direct lesion or by oxygen deficiency as well as drug use. <br />
<br />
== Effect of Drugs == <br />
Drugs that are believed to directly effect the function of the RAS are called Psychoactive Drugs, which also directly affect the central nervous system. <br />
Stimulants such as cocaine, caffeine, and Adderall all increase the activity of the RAS and CNS. Analgesics which are more commonly known as pain killers, generally slow down the activity of the RAS and increase the activation of dopamine receptors in the RAS. <br />
<br />
== ADHD ==<br />
New research suggests the RAS plays an important role in Attention deficit disorder and Hyperactive attention deficit disorder. Studies suggest that children with an overly active RAS likely is managing ADD or ADHD<br />
<br />
== sources ==<br />
http://www.deficitdeatencion.org/reticular.htm</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Reticular_activating_systemReticular activating system2008-04-24T20:42:05Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br />
<br />
== Reticular Activating System ==<br />
The Reticular Activating System (RAS) is located near the medulla oblongata and the midbrain at the core of the brain. The RAS is believed to be fundamental for human and animal consciousness as well as arousal and motivation. The RAS also is believed to be vital in controlling circadian rhythms and other covert body functions such as respiration.<br />
[[Image:RAS.jpg]]<br />
== Damage ==<br />
The Reticular Activating System is one of the most resilient areas of the brain, and will be supplied oxygen and blood longer than other areas of the brain. Damage to the RAS can lead to Coma due to its function in controlling respiration and arousal. Damage can be caused by direct lesion or by oxygen deficiency as well as drug use. <br />
<br />
== Effect of Drugs == <br />
Drugs that are believed to directly effect the function of the RAS are called Psychoactive Drugs, which also directly affect the central nervous system. <br />
Stimulants such as cocaine, caffeine, and Adderall all increase the activity of the RAS and CNS. Analgesics which are more commonly known as pain killers, generally slow down the activity of the RAS and increase the activation of dopamine receptors in the RAS. <br />
<br />
== ADHD ==<br />
New research suggests the RAS plays an important role in Attention deficit disorder and Hyperactive attention deficit disorder. Studies suggest that children with an overly active RAS likely is managing ADD or ADHD<br />
<br />
== sources ==<br />
http://www.deficitdeatencion.org/reticular.htm</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/File:RAS.pngFile:RAS.png2008-04-24T18:49:28Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Visual_agnosiaVisual agnosia2008-04-24T18:40:03Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br />
== Visual Agnosia ==<br />
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwQpaHQ0hYw Visual Agnosia] is the inability to make sense of what is being viewed. Markedly different from the inability to see completely, or blindness, individuals suffering from Visual Agnosia are able to see objects and describe them in great detail but are unable to process these observations as a whole and name what they are looking at. <br />
== Object Identification ==<br />
Visual Agnostic patients generally can hold an object while looking at is and name what it is. The combination of tactile information as well as visual information enables them to piece together the complex process of identification. The same holds true for auditory information coupled with visual information.<br />
== Causes ==<br />
Visual Agnosia is generally associated with damage to the posterior occipital or temporal lobes of the brain. Rarely does damage to the retina or optical nerve result in a form of Agnosia. Virgil is an example of an exception to this generalization (Sacks, 1990),<br />
== Virgil ==<br />
Virgil had his cataracts removed late in life and was finally able to see but was unable to make sense of what he was seeing. For Example the moment the bandages came off Virgil's eyes he explained that "there was light, there was movement, there was color, all mixed up, all meaningless, a blur." <br />
== Dr. P ==<br />
The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat is a commonly cited source as an example of Visual Agnosia. Dr. P, the patient, who after believing his testing was finished for the afternoon began to look around for his hat in preparation to leave. His face suggested he had found it, and he reached for the hat which was his wife's head and tried to lift it off. He had mistaken his wife for his hat.<br />
<br />
== sources ==<br />
http://ahsmail.uwaterloo.ca/kin356/ventral/visual_agnosia.htm<br />
<br />
Sacks, O.. (1990). To See or Not to See.<br />
<br />
Sacks, O.. (1998). The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat.<br />
<br />
--[[User:Jmueller|Jmueller]] 14:19, 24 April 2008 (EDT)</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Visual_agnosiaVisual agnosia2008-04-24T18:25:27Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br />
== Visual Agnosia ==<br />
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwQpaHQ0hYw Visual Agnosia] is the inability to make sense of what is being viewed. Markedly different from the inability to see completely, or blindness, individuals suffering from Visual Agnosia are able to see objects and describe them in great detail but are unable to process these observations as a whole and name what they are looking at. <br />
== Causes ==<br />
Visual Agnosia is generally associated with damage to the posterior occipital or temporal lobes of the brain. Rarely does damage to the retina or optical nerve result in a form of Agnosia. Virgil is an example of an exception to this generalization (Sacks, 1990),<br />
== Virgil ==<br />
Virgil had his cataracts removed late in life and was finally able to see but was unable to make sense of what he was seeing. For Example the moment the bandages came off Virgil's eyes he explained that "there was light, there was movement, there was color, all mixed up, all meaningless, a blur." <br />
== Dr. P ==<br />
The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat is a commonly cited source as an example of Visual Agnosia. Dr. P, the patient, who after believing his testing was finished for the afternoon began to look around for his hat in preparation to leave. His face suggested he had found it, and he reached for the hat which was his wife's head and tried to lift it off. He had mistaken his wife for his hat.<br />
== Object Identification ==<br />
Visual Agnostic patients generally can hold an object while looking at is and name what it is. The combination of tactile information as well as visual information enables them to piece together the complex process of identification. The same holds true for auditory information coupled with visual information.<br />
== sources ==<br />
http://ahsmail.uwaterloo.ca/kin356/ventral/visual_agnosia.htm<br />
<br />
Sacks, O.. (1990). To See or Not to See.<br />
<br />
Sacks, O.. (1998). The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat.<br />
<br />
--[[User:Jmueller|Jmueller]] 14:19, 24 April 2008 (EDT)</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Visual_agnosiaVisual agnosia2008-04-24T18:19:00Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br />
== Visual Agnosia ==<br />
Visual Agnosia is the inability to make sense of what is being viewed. Markedly different from the inability to see completely, or blindness, individuals suffering from Visual Agnosia are able to see objects and describe them in great detail but are unable to process these observations as a whole and name what they are looking at. <br />
== Causes ==<br />
Visual Agnosia is generally associated with damage to the posterior occipital or temporal lobes of the brain. Rarely does damage to the retina or optical nerve result in a form of Agnosia. Virgil is an example of an exception to this generalization (Sacks, 1990),<br />
== Virgil ==<br />
Virgil had his cataracts removed late in life and was finally able to see but was unable to make sense of what he was seeing. For Example the moment the bandages came off Virgil's eyes he explained that "there was light, there was movement, there was color, all mixed up, all meaningless, a blur." <br />
== Dr. P ==<br />
The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat is a commonly cited source as an example of Visual Agnosia. Dr. P, the patient, who after believing his testing was finished for the afternoon began to look around for his hat in preparation to leave. His face suggested he had found it, and he reached for the hat which was his wife's head and tried to lift it off. He had mistaken his wife for his hat.<br />
== Object Identification ==<br />
Visual Agnostic patients generally can hold an object while looking at is and name what it is. The combination of tactile information as well as visual information enables them to piece together the complex process of identification. The same holds true for auditory information coupled with visual information.<br />
== sources ==<br />
http://ahsmail.uwaterloo.ca/kin356/ventral/visual_agnosia.htm<br />
<br />
Sacks, O.. (1990). To See or Not to See.<br />
<br />
Sacks, O.. (1998). The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat.<br />
<br />
--[[User:Jmueller|Jmueller]] 14:19, 24 April 2008 (EDT)</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Visual_agnosiaVisual agnosia2008-04-24T18:16:51Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br />
== Visual Agnosia ==<br />
Visual Agnosia is the inability to make sense of what is being viewed. Markedly different from the inability to see completely, or blindness, individuals suffering from Visual Agnosia are able to see objects and describe them in great detail but are unable to process these observations as a whole and name what they are looking at. <br />
== Causes ==<br />
Visual Agnosia is generally associated with damage to the posterior occipital or temporal lobes of the brain. Rarely does damage to the retina or optical nerve result in a form of Agnosia. Virgil is an example of an exception to this generalization (Sacks, 1990),<br />
== Virgil ==<br />
Virgil had his cataracts removed late in life and was finally able to see but was unable to make sense of what he was seeing. For Example the moment the bandages came off Virgil�s eyes he explained that �there was light, there was movement, there was color, all mixed up, all meaningless, a blur. <br />
== Dr. P ==<br />
The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat is a commonly cited source as an example of Visual Agnosia. Dr. P, the patient, who after believing his testing was finished for the afternoon began to look around for his hat in preparation to leave. His face suggested he had found it, and he reached for the hat which was his wife�s head and tried to lift it off. He had mistaken his wife for his hat.<br />
== Object Identification ==<br />
Visual Agnostic patients generally can hold an object while looking at is and name what it is. The combination of tactile information as well as visual information enables them to piece together the complex process of identification. The same holds true for auditory information coupled with visual information.<br />
== sources ==<br />
http://ahsmail.uwaterloo.ca/kin356/ventral/visual_agnosia.htm<br />
<br />
Sacks, O.. (1990). [http://blackboard.rollins.edu/courses/1/10301.PSY324.1.200801/content/_171735_1/Sacks___Anthropologist_on_Mars___To_See_and_Not_See.pdf To See or Not to See ].<br />
<br />
Sacks, O.. (1998). The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat.</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Visual_agnosiaVisual agnosia2008-04-24T18:15:19Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br />
== Visual Agnosia ==<br />
Visual Agnosia is the inability to make sense of what is being viewed. Markedly different from the inability to see completely, or blindness, individuals suffering from Visual Agnosia are able to see objects and describe them in great detail but are unable to process these observations as a whole and name what they are looking at. <br />
== Causes ==<br />
Visual Agnosia is generally associated with damage to the posterior occipital or temporal lobes of the brain. Rarely does damage to the retina or optical nerve result in a form of Agnosia. Virgil is an example of an exception to this generalization (Sacks, 1990),<br />
== Virgil ==<br />
Virgil had his cataracts removed late in life and was finally able to see but was unable to make sense of what he was seeing. For Example the moment the bandages came off Virgil�s eyes he explained that �there was light, there was movement, there was color, all mixed up, all meaningless, a blur. <br />
== Dr. P ==<br />
The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat is a commonly cited source as an example of Visual Agnosia. Dr. P, the patient, who after believing his testing was finished for the afternoon began to look around for his hat in preparation to leave. His face suggested he had found it, and he reached for the hat which was his wife�s head and tried to lift it off. He had mistaken his wife for his hat.<br />
== Object Identification ==<br />
Visual Agnostic patients generally can hold an object while looking at is and name what it is. The combination of tactile information as well as visual information enables them to piece together the complex process of identification. The same holds true for auditory information coupled with visual information.<br />
== sources ==<br />
http://ahsmail.uwaterloo.ca/kin356/ventral/visual_agnosia.htm<br />
Sacks, O.. (1990). To See or Not to See.<br />
Sacks, O.. (1998). The Man Who Mistook his Wife for a Hat.</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Positron_emission_tomographyPositron emission tomography2008-04-24T16:52:15Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br />
<br />
== What is a Positron Emission Tomography ==<br />
'''Positron Emission Tomography''' is also known as a PET scan. A PET scan employs radioactive isotopes which function as transmitters from inside the human or animal body. The radioactivity is received by a complex series of magnets that convert the electromagnetic information into an image which can then be analyzed by a scientist or doctor.<br />
The machine looks like a large round tube with a back board that can slide in and out. The patient lays flat on the board and the machine is started which results in the board moving into the tube. Large magnets and Gamma Ray detectors compile an image using a computer of the radioactivity that is being produced by the radioactive isotopes that were injected into the patient.<br />
[[Image:Pet1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
==Radioactivity==<br />
Radioactive isotopes that are used for Nuclear Medicine Imaging are generally low-energy, short lived, and relatively harmless chemical compounds. These isotopes have such a short half-life (half of the isotope has decayed) that they must be produced in the same location of the PET scanner. The machine that produces the isotopes is called a Cyclotron. Commonly used radioactive isotopes are Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13, and Oxygen-15 with half-lives of 20, 10 and 2 minutes respectively. These isotopes are generally mixed with a simple sugar such as Glucose for injection.<br />
<br />
==How a PET scan works==<br />
PET scanners work on the assumption that areas of high radioactivity are associated with high levels of brain activity. In other words, the more radioactivity being produced by an area, the more the brain is relying on blood to power that specific area of the brain. PET scanners can provide a 2D or 3D image of the brain due to the random emission of Gamma Rays in all direction inside the PET tube. Detectors can identify varying levels of radiation and produce an accurate image of brain activity. <br />
There is a risk of radiation poisoning to the PET operator because of the frequent interaction with radioactive isotopes. Lead shielding is necessary for protection to the operator however because the radioactivity is inside the patient lead shielding is unnecessary, unlike an X-ray. <br />
<br />
[[Image:PET20YEAROLD_HIGH.jpg]]<br />
<br />
--[[User:Jmueller|Jmueller]] 17:29, 9 April 2008 (EDT)</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Positron_emission_tomographyPositron emission tomography2008-04-24T16:50:13Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br />
<br />
==What is a Positron Emission Tomography==<br />
'''Positron Emission Tomography''' is also known as a PET scan. A PET scan employs radioactive isotopes which function as transmitters from inside the human or animal body. The radioactivity is received by a complex series of magnets that convert the electromagnetic information into an image which can then be analyzed by a scientist or doctor.<br />
The machine looks like a large round tube with a back board that can slide in and out. The patient lays flat on the board and the machine is started which results in the board moving into the tube. Large magnets and Gamma Ray detectors compile an image using a computer of the radioactivity that is being produced by the radioactive isotopes that were injected into the patient.<br />
[[Image:Pet1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
==Radioactivity==<br />
Radioactive isotopes that are used for Nuclear Medicine Imaging are generally low-energy, short lived, and relatively harmless chemical compounds. These isotopes have such a short half-life (half of the isotope has decayed) that they must be produced in the same location of the PET scanner. The machine that produces the isotopes is called a Cyclotron. Commonly used radioactive isotopes are Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13, and Oxygen-15 with half-lives of 20, 10 and 2 minutes respectively. These isotopes are generally mixed with a simple sugar such as Glucose for injection.<br />
<br />
==How a PET scan works==<br />
PET scanners work on the assumption that areas of high radioactivity are associated with high levels of brain activity. In other words, the more radioactivity being produced by an area, the more the brain is relying on blood to power that specific area of the brain. PET scanners can provide a 2D or 3D image of the brain due to the random emission of Gamma Rays in all direction inside the PET tube. Detectors can identify varying levels of radiation and produce an accurate image of brain activity. <br />
There is a risk of radiation poisoning to the PET operator because of the frequent interaction with radioactive isotopes. Lead shielding is necessary for protection to the operator however because the radioactivity is inside the patient lead shielding is unnecessary, unlike an X-ray. <br />
<br />
[[Image:PET20YEAROLD_HIGH.jpg]]<br />
<br />
--[[User:Jmueller|Jmueller]] 17:29, 9 April 2008 (EDT)</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Positron_emission_tomographyPositron emission tomography2008-04-24T16:49:44Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br />
<br />
== What is a Positron Emission Tomography ==<br />
'''Positron Emission Tomography''' is also known as a PET scan. A PET scan employs radioactive isotopes which function as transmitters from inside the human or animal body. The radioactivity is received by a complex series of magnets that convert the electromagnetic information into an image which can then be analyzed by a scientist or doctor.<br />
The machine looks like a large round tube with a back board that can slide in and out. The patient lays flat on the board and the machine is started which results in the board moving into the tube. Large magnets and Gamma Ray detectors compile an image using a computer of the radioactivity that is being produced by the radioactive isotopes that were injected into the patient.<br />
[[Image:Pet1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Radioactivity ==<br />
Radioactive isotopes that are used for Nuclear Medicine Imaging are generally low-energy, short lived, and relatively harmless chemical compounds. These isotopes have such a short half-life (half of the isotope has decayed) that they must be produced in the same location of the PET scanner. The machine that produces the isotopes is called a Cyclotron. Commonly used radioactive isotopes are Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13, and Oxygen-15 with half-lives of 20, 10 and 2 minutes respectively. These isotopes are generally mixed with a simple sugar such as Glucose for injection.<br />
<br />
== How a PET scan works ==<br />
PET scanners work on the assumption that areas of high radioactivity are associated with high levels of brain activity. In other words, the more radioactivity being produced by an area, the more the brain is relying on blood to power that specific area of the brain. PET scanners can provide a 2D or 3D image of the brain due to the random emission of Gamma Rays in all direction inside the PET tube. Detectors can identify varying levels of radiation and produce an accurate image of brain activity. <br />
There is a risk of radiation poisoning to the PET operator because of the frequent interaction with radioactive isotopes. Lead shielding is necessary for protection to the operator however because the radioactivity is inside the patient lead shielding is unnecessary, unlike an X-ray. <br />
<br />
[[Image:PET20YEAROLD_HIGH.jpg]]<br />
<br />
--[[User:Jmueller|Jmueller]] 17:29, 9 April 2008 (EDT)</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Jean_Pierre_FlourensJean Pierre Flourens2008-04-24T16:46:58Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br />
'''Marie Jean Pierre Flourens''' was born on April 15th1794, at Maureilhan which is located in the southern department of Herault, France. Jean began his study of medicine at the age of fifteen and graduated in 1823 with the title of Doctor. During his tenure at the University of Montpellier, Jean taught a course on the physiological theory of the sensations in which many promonant scholars were interested. Jean Pierre Flourens was highly interested in the localization of the brain and the specific function of those locations.<br />
<br />
In 1825, using rabbits and pigions, Florens lesioned specific areas of the animal brain and made scientific observations of the results. He studied the impact of these localized lesions on motor systems and behavior. His research was motivated by the growing study of phrenology by [[Franz Joseph Gall]]. <br />
<br />
Florens explained, after his experiements, that the cerebral hemisphere were involved in higher cognitive functions and the medula oblongata was in control of vital body functions. Florens found locating the brain areas responsible for memory to be to difficult to complete with his subjects. His theory on memory was that it was spread througout the brain. <br />
<br />
Florens is also credited with the discovery of the anestitic effects of[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform Chloroform] in animals. Unable to explain why the chemical worked as an anestetic he turned to the scientific community for help on the subject. Florens used chloroform to put his animal subjects to sleep during his surgeries to minimize the pain and suffereing the animals went through.<br />
Florens died in Montenegro France in 1867</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Jean_Pierre_FlourensJean Pierre Flourens2008-04-24T16:45:57Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br />
'''Marie Jean Pierre Flourens''' was born on April 15th1794, at Maureilhan which is located in the southern department of Herault, France. Jean began his study of medicine at the age of fifteen and graduated in 1823 with the title of Doctor. During his tenure at the University of Montpellier, Jean taught a course on the physiological theory of the sensations in which many promonant scholars were interested. Jean Pierre Flourens was highly interested in the localization of the brain and the specific function of those locations.<br />
<br />
In 1825, using rabbits and pigions, Florens lesioned specific areas of the animal brain and made scientific observations of the results. He studied the impact of these localized lesions on motor systems and behavior. His research was motivated by the growing study of phrenology by Franz Joseph Gall. <br />
<br />
Florens explained, after his experiements, that the cerebral hemisphere were involved in higher cognitive functions and the medula oblongata was in control of vital body functions. Florens found locating the brain areas responsible for memory to be to difficult to complete with his subjects. His theory on memory was that it was spread througout the brain. <br />
<br />
Florens is also credited with the discovery of the anestitic effects of[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform Chloroform] in animals. Unable to explain why the chemical worked as an anestetic he turned to the scientific community for help on the subject. Florens used chloroform to put his animal subjects to sleep during his surgeries to minimize the pain and suffereing the animals went through.<br />
Florens died in Montenegro France in 1867</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Positron_emission_tomographyPositron emission tomography2008-04-24T16:44:20Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br />
<br />
= What is a Positron Emission Tomography =<br />
'''Positron Emission Tomography''' is also known as a PET scan. A PET scan employs radioactive isotopes which function as transmitters from inside the human or animal body. The radioactivity is received by a complex series of magnets that convert the electromagnetic information into an image which can then be analyzed by a scientist or doctor.<br />
The machine looks like a large round tube with a back board that can slide in and out. The patient lays flat on the board and the machine is started which results in the board moving into the tube. Large magnets and Gamma Ray detectors compile an image using a computer of the radioactivity that is being produced by the radioactive isotopes that were injected into the patient.<br />
[[Image:Pet1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
= Radioactivity =<br />
Radioactive isotopes that are used for Nuclear Medicine Imaging are generally low-energy, short lived, and relatively harmless chemical compounds. These isotopes have such a short half-life (half of the isotope has decayed) that they must be produced in the same location of the PET scanner. The machine that produces the isotopes is called a Cyclotron. Commonly used radioactive isotopes are Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13, and Oxygen-15 with half-lives of 20, 10 and 2 minutes respectively. These isotopes are generally mixed with a simple sugar such as Glucose for injection.<br />
<br />
=How a PET scan works =<br />
PET scanners work on the assumption that areas of high radioactivity are associated with high levels of brain activity. In other words, the more radioactivity being produced by an area, the more the brain is relying on blood to power that specific area of the brain. PET scanners can provide a 2D or 3D image of the brain due to the random emission of Gamma Rays in all direction inside the PET tube. Detectors can identify varying levels of radiation and produce an accurate image of brain activity. <br />
There is a risk of radiation poisoning to the PET operator because of the frequent interaction with radioactive isotopes. Lead shielding is necessary for protection to the operator however because the radioactivity is inside the patient lead shielding is unnecessary, unlike an X-ray. <br />
<br />
[[Image:PET20YEAROLD_HIGH.jpg]]<br />
<br />
--[[User:Jmueller|Jmueller]] 17:29, 9 April 2008 (EDT)</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Positron_emission_tomographyPositron emission tomography2008-04-24T16:41:39Z<p>Jmueller: /* How a PET scan works */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br />
= What is a Positron Emission Tomography =<br />
'''Positron Emission Tomography''' is also known as a PET scan. A PET scan employs radioactive isotopes which function as transmitters from inside the human or animal body. The radioactivity is received by a complex series of magnets that convert the electromagnetic information into an image which can then be analyzed by a scientist or doctor.<br />
The machine looks like a large round tube with a back board that can slide in and out. The patient lays flat on the board and the machine is started which results in the board moving into the tube. Large magnets and Gamma Ray detectors compile an image using a computer of the radioactivity that is being produced by the radioactive isotopes that were injected into the patient.<br />
[[Image:Pet1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
= Radioactivity =<br />
Radioactive isotopes that are used for Nuclear Medicine Imaging are generally low-energy, short lived, and relatively harmless chemical compounds. These isotopes have such a short half-life (half of the isotope has decayed) that they must be produced in the same location of the PET scanner. The machine that produces the isotopes is called a Cyclotron. Commonly used radioactive isotopes are Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13, and Oxygen-15 with half-lives of 20, 10 and 2 minutes respectively. These isotopes are generally mixed with a simple sugar such as Glucose for injection.<br />
<br />
=How a PET scan works =<br />
PET scanners work on the assumption that areas of high radioactivity are associated with high levels of brain activity. In other words, the more radioactivity being produced by an area, the more the brain is relying on blood to power that specific area of the brain. PET scanners can provide a 2D or 3D image of the brain due to the random emission of Gamma Rays in all direction inside the PET tube. Detectors can identify varying levels of radiation and produce an accurate image of brain activity. <br />
There is a risk of radiation poisoning to the PET operator because of the frequent interaction with radioactive isotopes. Lead shielding is necessary for protection to the operator however because the radioactivity is inside the patient lead shielding is unnecessary, unlike an X-ray. <br />
<br />
[[Image:PET20YEAROLD_HIGH.jpg]]<br />
<br />
--[[User:Jmueller|Jmueller]] 17:29, 9 April 2008 (EDT)</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Positron_emission_tomographyPositron emission tomography2008-04-24T16:41:19Z<p>Jmueller: /* How a PET scan works */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br />
= What is a Positron Emission Tomography =<br />
'''Positron Emission Tomography''' is also known as a PET scan. A PET scan employs radioactive isotopes which function as transmitters from inside the human or animal body. The radioactivity is received by a complex series of magnets that convert the electromagnetic information into an image which can then be analyzed by a scientist or doctor.<br />
The machine looks like a large round tube with a back board that can slide in and out. The patient lays flat on the board and the machine is started which results in the board moving into the tube. Large magnets and Gamma Ray detectors compile an image using a computer of the radioactivity that is being produced by the radioactive isotopes that were injected into the patient.<br />
[[Image:Pet1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
= Radioactivity =<br />
Radioactive isotopes that are used for Nuclear Medicine Imaging are generally low-energy, short lived, and relatively harmless chemical compounds. These isotopes have such a short half-life (half of the isotope has decayed) that they must be produced in the same location of the PET scanner. The machine that produces the isotopes is called a Cyclotron. Commonly used radioactive isotopes are Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13, and Oxygen-15 with half-lives of 20, 10 and 2 minutes respectively. These isotopes are generally mixed with a simple sugar such as Glucose for injection.<br />
<br />
=How a PET scan works =<br />
PET scanners work on the assumption that areas of high radioactivity are associated with high levels of brain activity. In other words, the more radioactivity being produced by an area, the more the brain is relying on blood to power that specific area of the brain. PET scanners can provide a 2D or 3D image of the brain due to the random emission of Gamma Rays in all direction inside the PET tube. Detectors can identify varying levels of radiation and produce an accurate image of brain activity. <br />
There is a risk of radiation poisoning to the PET operator because of the frequent interaction with radioactive isotopes. Lead shielding is necessary for protection to the operator however because the radioactivity is inside the patient lead shielding is unnecessary, unlike an X-ray. <br />
[[Image:PET20YEAROLD_HIGH.jpg]]<br />
--[[User:Jmueller|Jmueller]] 17:29, 9 April 2008 (EDT)</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Positron_emission_tomographyPositron emission tomography2008-04-24T16:41:03Z<p>Jmueller: /* How a PET scan works */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br />
= What is a Positron Emission Tomography =<br />
'''Positron Emission Tomography''' is also known as a PET scan. A PET scan employs radioactive isotopes which function as transmitters from inside the human or animal body. The radioactivity is received by a complex series of magnets that convert the electromagnetic information into an image which can then be analyzed by a scientist or doctor.<br />
The machine looks like a large round tube with a back board that can slide in and out. The patient lays flat on the board and the machine is started which results in the board moving into the tube. Large magnets and Gamma Ray detectors compile an image using a computer of the radioactivity that is being produced by the radioactive isotopes that were injected into the patient.<br />
[[Image:Pet1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
= Radioactivity =<br />
Radioactive isotopes that are used for Nuclear Medicine Imaging are generally low-energy, short lived, and relatively harmless chemical compounds. These isotopes have such a short half-life (half of the isotope has decayed) that they must be produced in the same location of the PET scanner. The machine that produces the isotopes is called a Cyclotron. Commonly used radioactive isotopes are Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13, and Oxygen-15 with half-lives of 20, 10 and 2 minutes respectively. These isotopes are generally mixed with a simple sugar such as Glucose for injection.<br />
<br />
=How a PET scan works =<br />
PET scanners work on the assumption that areas of high radioactivity are associated with high levels of brain activity. In other words, the more radioactivity being produced by an area, the more the brain is relying on blood to power that specific area of the brain. PET scanners can provide a 2D or 3D image of the brain due to the random emission of Gamma Rays in all direction inside the PET tube. Detectors can identify varying levels of radiation and produce an accurate image of brain activity. <br />
There is a risk of radiation poisoning to the PET operator because of the frequent interaction with radioactive isotopes. Lead shielding is necessary for protection to the operator however because the radioactivity is inside the patient lead shielding is unnecessary, unlike an X-ray. [[Image:PET20YEAROLD_HIGH.jpg]]<br />
--[[User:Jmueller|Jmueller]] 17:29, 9 April 2008 (EDT)</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Positron_emission_tomographyPositron emission tomography2008-04-24T16:40:08Z<p>Jmueller: /* What is a Positron Emission Tomography */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br />
= What is a Positron Emission Tomography =<br />
'''Positron Emission Tomography''' is also known as a PET scan. A PET scan employs radioactive isotopes which function as transmitters from inside the human or animal body. The radioactivity is received by a complex series of magnets that convert the electromagnetic information into an image which can then be analyzed by a scientist or doctor.<br />
The machine looks like a large round tube with a back board that can slide in and out. The patient lays flat on the board and the machine is started which results in the board moving into the tube. Large magnets and Gamma Ray detectors compile an image using a computer of the radioactivity that is being produced by the radioactive isotopes that were injected into the patient.<br />
[[Image:Pet1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
= Radioactivity =<br />
Radioactive isotopes that are used for Nuclear Medicine Imaging are generally low-energy, short lived, and relatively harmless chemical compounds. These isotopes have such a short half-life (half of the isotope has decayed) that they must be produced in the same location of the PET scanner. The machine that produces the isotopes is called a Cyclotron. Commonly used radioactive isotopes are Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13, and Oxygen-15 with half-lives of 20, 10 and 2 minutes respectively. These isotopes are generally mixed with a simple sugar such as Glucose for injection.<br />
<br />
=How a PET scan works =<br />
PET scanners work on the assumption that areas of high radioactivity are associated with high levels of brain activity. In other words, the more radioactivity being produced by an area, the more the brain is relying on blood to power that specific area of the brain. PET scanners can provide a 2D or 3D image of the brain due to the random emission of Gamma Rays in all direction inside the PET tube. Detectors can identify varying levels of radiation and produce an accurate image of brain activity. <br />
There is a risk of radiation poisoning to the PET operator because of the frequent interaction with radioactive isotopes. Lead shielding is necessary for protection to the operator however because the radioactivity is inside the patient lead shielding is unnecessary, unlike an X-ray. <br />
--[[User:Jmueller|Jmueller]] 17:29, 9 April 2008 (EDT)</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/File:PET20YEAROLD_HIGH.jpgFile:PET20YEAROLD HIGH.jpg2008-04-23T17:18:56Z<p>Jmueller: PET scan of 20yrold</p>
<hr />
<div>PET scan of 20yrold</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/File:Pet1.jpgFile:Pet1.jpg2008-04-23T17:18:09Z<p>Jmueller: PET Machine</p>
<hr />
<div>PET Machine</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Positron_emission_tomographyPositron emission tomography2008-04-23T17:16:41Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br />
= What is a Positron Emission Tomography =<br />
'''Positron Emission Tomography''' is also known as a PET scan. A PET scan employs radioactive isotopes which function as transmitters from inside the human or animal body. The radioactivity is received by a complex series of magnets that convert the electromagnetic information into an image which can then be analyzed by a scientist or doctor.<br />
The machine looks like a large round tube with a back board that can slide in and out. The patient lays flat on the board and the machine is started which results in the board moving into the tube. Large magnets and Gamma Ray detectors compile an image using a computer of the radioactivity that is being produced by the radioactive isotopes that were injected into the patient.<br />
<br />
= Radioactivity =<br />
Radioactive isotopes that are used for Nuclear Medicine Imaging are generally low-energy, short lived, and relatively harmless chemical compounds. These isotopes have such a short half-life (half of the isotope has decayed) that they must be produced in the same location of the PET scanner. The machine that produces the isotopes is called a Cyclotron. Commonly used radioactive isotopes are Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13, and Oxygen-15 with half-lives of 20, 10 and 2 minutes respectively. These isotopes are generally mixed with a simple sugar such as Glucose for injection.<br />
<br />
=How a PET scan works =<br />
PET scanners work on the assumption that areas of high radioactivity are associated with high levels of brain activity. In other words, the more radioactivity being produced by an area, the more the brain is relying on blood to power that specific area of the brain. PET scanners can provide a 2D or 3D image of the brain due to the random emission of Gamma Rays in all direction inside the PET tube. Detectors can identify varying levels of radiation and produce an accurate image of brain activity. <br />
There is a risk of radiation poisoning to the PET operator because of the frequent interaction with radioactive isotopes. Lead shielding is necessary for protection to the operator however because the radioactivity is inside the patient lead shielding is unnecessary, unlike an X-ray. <br />
--[[User:Jmueller|Jmueller]] 17:29, 9 April 2008 (EDT)</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/AmnesiaAmnesia2008-04-23T17:11:18Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br />
Amnesia is a memory deficit, resulting from brain damage, disease, or injury. Memory loss may be selective or generalized, temporary or permanent, and it may affect short-term memory, long-term memory, or both.<br />
Research for amnesia is does not have the ability to be experimentally manipulated. Therefore, amnesia information is reliant on amnesic individuals who volunteer for research.<br />
<br />
== Diencephalic Amnesia ==<br />
Damage to the diencephalic structues also has the ability to lead to memory impairments. Cases of diencephalic amnesia were used in a study by Knowlton et. al. hypothesizing separate but parallel learning systems. In patients with amnesia, either with damage to the hippocampal formation or diencephalic midline, participants performed normally on a probabilistic classification task. However, scores for a declarative memory task were poor. The results were opposite for participants with Parkinson's disease. These results demonstrate declarative memory is dependent on the medial temporal lobe or diencephalon, but not on the neostriatum. The opposite is the case for probabilistic classification learning.<br />
<br />
A 'pure' case of diencephalic amnesia comes in the form of NA. After suffering a freak accident involving a fencing foil, NA had damage to his left dorsal thalamus, his mamillary bodies (bi-laterally), and his mamillo-thalamic tract. He showed normal short-term memory, but was severely impaired in declarative long-term memory, particularly for verbal material. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Global Amnesia ==<br />
Global amnesia is usually a result of bilateral damage to structures on the internal aspects of the cerebral hemispheres. It is characterized by an inability to learn/retain new information, including verbal, nonverbal, visual, or auditory, as well as a period of retrograde amnesia. Those suffering from Korsakoff's disease as well as patients who survive herpes simplex encephalitis may demonstrate global amnesia.<br />
<br />
== Frontal Amnesia ==<br />
Frontal amnesia is characterized as memory deficits resulting from frontal lobe damage. Typically, the patient is impaired in learning and recalling new information.<br />
<br />
== Korsakoff's Syndrome ==<br />
[[http://editthis.info/psy3241/Korsakoff%27s_syndrome]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Concussion Amnesia ==<br />
Concussion-induced amnesia almost always results in ''temporary'' memory impairment, unless there was organic damage to the brain. A typical case may include both anterograde (after on-set) amnesia and retrograde (before accident) amnesia. A unique feature of concussion amnesia is that memory loss usually is partially recovered with time, although there is nearly always some permanent loss. There may be impairments in the consolidation of new information from short-term to long-term memory. <br />
<br />
<br />
== ECT-Induced Amnesia ==<br />
Electroconvulsive therapy involves the induction of epileptic seizures by electric current. ECT-induced amnesia resembles that of concussion amnesia. There is both anterograde and retrograde amnesia, but also shrinkage over time. <br />
<br />
<br />
Knowlton, B. J., Mangels, J. A., & Squire, L. R. (1996). A neostriatal habit learning system in humans. ''Science, 273''(5280), 1399-1402.<br />
<br />
Stirling, J. (2002). ''Introducing neuropsychology.'' New York: Psychology Press.<br />
<br />
Ogden, J. A. (2005). ''Fractured minds.'' New York: Oxford University Press.<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ObnErfTblY Amnesia]</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Jean_Pierre_FlourensJean Pierre Flourens2008-04-09T21:55:57Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br />
'''Marie Jean Pierre Flourens''' was born on April 15th1794, at Maureilhan which is located in the southern department of Herault, France. Jean began his study of medicine at the age of fifteen and graduated in 1823 with the title of Doctor. During his tenure at the University of Montpellier, Jean taught a course on the physiological theory of the sensations in which many promonant scholars were interested. Jean Pierre Flourens was highly interested in the localization of the brain and the specific function of those locations.<br />
<br />
In 1825, using rabbits and pigions, Florens lesioned specific areas of the animal brain and made scientific observations of the results. He studied the impact of these localized lesions on motor systems and behavior. His research was motivated by the growing study of phrenology by Franz Joseph Gall. <br />
<br />
Florens explained, after his experiements, that the cerebral hemisphere were involved in higher cognitive functions and the medula oblongata was in control of vital body functions. Florens found locating the brain areas responsible for memory to be to difficult to complete with his subjects. His theory on memory was that it was spread througout the brain. <br />
<br />
Florens is also credited with the discovery of the anestitic effects of ['Chloroform' http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform] in animals. Unable to explain why the chemical worked as an anestetic he turned to the scientific community for help on the subject. Florens used chloroform to put his animal subjects to sleep during his surgeries to minimize the pain and suffereing the animals went through.<br />
Florens died in Montenegro France in 1867</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Jean_Pierre_FlourensJean Pierre Flourens2008-04-09T21:51:01Z<p>Jmueller: Jean Pierre Flourens is credited for scientifically explaining phrenology and pioneering anestesia</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]<br />
'''Marie Jean Pierre Flourens''' was born on April 15th1794, at Maureilhan which is located in the southern department of Herault, France. Jean began his study of medicine at the age of fifteen and graduated in 1823 with the title of Doctor. During his tenure at the University of Montpellier, Jean taught a course on the physiological theory of the sensations in which many promonant scholars were interested. Jean Pierre Flourens was highly interested in the localization of the brain and the specific function of those locations.<br />
<br />
In 1825, using rabbits and pigions, Florens lesioned specific areas of the animal brain and made scientific observations of the results. He studied the impact of these localized lesions on motor systems and behavior. His research was motivated by the growing study of phrenology by Franz Joseph Gall. <br />
<br />
Florens explained, after his experiements, that the cerebral hemisphere were involved in higher cognitive functions and the medula oblongata was in control of vital body functions. Florens found locating the brain areas responsible for memory to be to difficult to complete with his subjects. His theory on memory was that it was spread througout the brain. <br />
<br />
Florens is also credited with the discovery of the anestitic effects of Chloroform in animals. Unable to explain why the chemical worked as an anestetic he turned to the scientific community for help on the subject. Florens used chloroform to put his animal subjects to sleep during his surgeries to minimize the pain and suffereing the animals went through.<br />
Florens died in Montenegro France in 1867</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Positron_emission_tomographyPositron emission tomography2008-04-09T21:30:26Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br />
'''Positron Emission Tomography''' is also known as a PET scan. A PET scan employs radioactive isotopes which function as transmitters from inside the human or animal body. The radioactivity is received by a complex series of magnets that convert the electromagnetic information into an image which can then be analyzed by a scientist or doctor.<br />
The machine looks like a large round tube with a back board that can slide in and out. The patient lays flat on the board and the machine is started which results in the board moving into the tube. Large magnets and Gamma Ray detectors compile an image using a computer of the radioactivity that is being produced by the radioactive isotopes that were injected into the patient<br />
<br />
Radioactive isotopes that are used for Nuclear Medicine Imaging are generally low-energy, short lived, and relatively harmless chemical compounds. These isotopes have such a short half-life (half of the isotope has decayed) that they must be produced in the same location of the PET scanner. The machine that produces the isotopes is called a Cyclotron. Commonly used radioactive isotopes are Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13, and Oxygen-15 with half-lives of 20, 10 and 2 minutes respectively. These isotopes are generally mixed with a simple sugar such as Glucose for injection.<br />
<br />
PET scanners work on the assumption that areas of high radioactivity are associated with high levels of brain activity. In other words, the more radioactivity being produced by an area, the more the brain is relying on blood to power that specific area of the brain. PET scanners can provide a 2D or 3D image of the brain due to the random emission of Gamma Rays in all direction inside the PET tube. Detectors can identify varying levels of radiation and produce an accurate image of brain activity. <br />
There is a risk of radiation poisoning to the PET operator because of the frequent interaction with radioactive isotopes. Lead shielding is necessary for protection to the operator however because the radioactivity is inside the patient lead shielding is unnecessary, unlike an X-ray. <br />
--[[User:Jmueller|Jmueller]] 17:29, 9 April 2008 (EDT)</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Positron_emission_tomographyPositron emission tomography2008-04-09T21:29:36Z<p>Jmueller: Positron Emission Tomography or PET scan is a machine that processes radioactive emissions from a patients blood stream and produces an 2D or 3D image. The Radioactivity is injected into the patient.</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br />
'''Positron Emission Tomography''' is also known as a PET scan. A PET scan employs radioactive isotopes which function as transmitters from inside the human or animal body. The radioactivity is received by a complex series of magnets that convert the electromagnetic information into an image which can then be analyzed by a scientist or doctor.<br />
The machine looks like a large round tube with a back board that can slide in and out. The patient lays flat on the board and the machine is started which results in the board moving into the tube. Large magnets and Gamma Ray detectors compile an image using a computer of the radioactivity that is being produced by the radioactive isotopes that were injected into the patient<br />
Radioactive isotopes that are used for Nuclear Medicine Imaging are generally low-energy, short lived, and relatively harmless chemical compounds. These isotopes have such a short half-life (half of the isotope has decayed) that they must be produced in the same location of the PET scanner. The machine that produces the isotopes is called a Cyclotron. Commonly used radioactive isotopes are Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13, and Oxygen-15 with half-lives of 20, 10 and 2 minutes respectively. These isotopes are generally mixed with a simple sugar such as Glucose for injection.<br />
PET scanners work on the assumption that areas of high radioactivity are associated with high levels of brain activity. In other words, the more radioactivity being produced by an area, the more the brain is relying on blood to power that specific area of the brain. PET scanners can provide a 2D or 3D image of the brain due to the random emission of Gamma Rays in all direction inside the PET tube. Detectors can identify varying levels of radiation and produce an accurate image of brain activity. <br />
There is a risk of radiation poisoning to the PET operator because of the frequent interaction with radioactive isotopes. Lead shielding is necessary for protection to the operator however because the radioactivity is inside the patient lead shielding is unnecessary, unlike an X-ray. <br />
--[[User:Jmueller|Jmueller]] 17:29, 9 April 2008 (EDT)</div>Jmuellerhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/User:JmuellerUser:Jmueller2008-01-24T15:53:58Z<p>Jmueller: </p>
<hr />
<div>Jeff Mueller</div>Jmueller