http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/?feed=atom&target=JGasparri&title=Special%3AContributions 2026-10-05T20:15:21Z From Psy3241 MediaWiki 1.15.1 http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Prosopagnosia 2008-05-05T05:04:46Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> <br /> Agnosia disorders include various cognitive disorders that deal with &quot;not knowing&quot; impariments <br /> <br /> such as auditory agnosia which is the inability to recognize sounds or visual object agnosia <br /> <br /> which is the inability to recognize familar objects that can be seen. Visual object agnosia <br /> <br /> is similar to prosopagnosia and most patients with visual object agnosia also have <br /> <br /> prosopagnosia. Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize faces on sight and is usually <br /> <br /> associated with bilateral occipital damage. A patient named Michael was diagnosed with <br /> <br /> prosopagnosia and a few other agnosia disorders. Michael is incapable of recognizing any faces <br /> <br /> desipte the familiarity and he has not been able to for 17 years. He never recognizes his mother <br /> <br /> until she speaks and when asked to identify himself in family photos he is incapable of doing <br /> <br /> so. He does have the ability to recollect faces if asked to describe someone famous or a family <br /> <br /> member yet when presented with a picture of that person he still is not able to recognize their <br /> <br /> face or to identify the person by picture.<br /> <br /> The study of prosopagnosia has been crucial in the development of theories of face perception. Because prosopagnosia is not a unitary disorder (i.e., different people may show different types and levels of impairment) it has been argued that face perception involves a number of stages, each of which can be separately damaged. This is reflected not just in the amount of impairment displayed but also in the qualitative differences in impairment that a person with prosopagnosia may present with.<br /> <br /> This sort of evidence has been crucial in supporting the theory that there may be a specific face perception system in the brain. This is counter-intuitive to many people as we do not experience faces as 'special' or perceived in a different way from the rest of the world.<br /> <br /> One particularly interesting feature of prosopagnosia is that it suggests both a conscious and unconscious aspect to face recognition. Experiments have shown that when presented with a mixture of familiar and unfamiliar faces, people with prosopagnosia may be unable to successfully identify the people in the pictures, or even make a simple familiarity judgement (&quot;this person seems familiar / unfamiliar&quot;). However, when a measure of emotional response is taken (typically a measure of skin conductance) there tends to be an emotional response to familiar people even though no conscious recognition takes place.<br /> <br /> This suggests emotion plays a significant role in face recognition, perhaps unsurprising when basic survival (particularly security) relies on identifying the people around you.<br /> <br /> It is thought that Capgras delusion may be the reverse of prosopagnosia. In this condition people report conscious recognition of people from faces, but show no emotional response, perhaps leading to the delusional belief that their relative or spouse has been replaced by an impostor.</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Prosopagnosia 2008-05-05T05:02:18Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> <br /> Agnosia disorders include various cognitive disorders that deal with &quot;not knowing&quot; impariments <br /> <br /> such as auditory agnosia which is the inability to recognize sounds or visual object agnosia <br /> <br /> which is the inability to recognize familar objects that can be seen. Visual object agnosia <br /> <br /> is similar to prosopagnosia and most patients with visual object agnosia also have <br /> <br /> prosopagnosia. Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize faces on sight and is usually <br /> <br /> associated with bilateral occipital damage. A patient named Michael was diagnosed with <br /> <br /> prosopagnosia and a few other agnosia disorders. Michael is incapable of recognizing any faces <br /> <br /> desipte the familiarity and he has not been able to for 17 years. He never recognizes his mother <br /> <br /> until she speaks and when asked to identify himself in family photos he is incapable of doing <br /> <br /> so. He does have the ability to recollect faces if asked to describe someone famous or a family <br /> <br /> member yet when presented with a picture of that person he still is not able to recognize their <br /> <br /> face or to identify the person by picture.<br /> <br /> The study of prosopagnosia has been crucial in the development of theories of face perception. Because prosopagnosia is not a unitary disorder (i.e., different people may show different types and levels of impairment) it has been argued that face perception involves a number of stages, each of which can be separately damaged. This is reflected not just in the amount of impairment displayed but also in the qualitative differences in impairment that a person with prosopagnosia may present with.<br /> <br /> This sort of evidence has been crucial in supporting the theory that there may be a specific face perception system in the brain. This is counter-intuitive to many people as we do not experience faces as 'special' or perceived in a different way from the rest of the world.</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Prosopagnosia 2008-05-05T05:01:58Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> <br /> Agnosia disorders include various cognitive disorders that deal with &quot;not knowing&quot; impariments <br /> <br /> such as auditory agnosia which is the inability to recognize sounds or visual object agnosia <br /> <br /> which is the inability to recognize familar objects that can be seen. Visual object agnosia <br /> <br /> is similar to prosopagnosia and most patients with visual object agnosia also have <br /> <br /> prosopagnosia. Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize faces on sight and is usually <br /> <br /> associated with bilateral occipital damage. A patient named Michael was diagnosed with <br /> <br /> prosopagnosia and a few other agnosia disorders. Michael is incapable of recognizing any faces <br /> <br /> desipte the familiarity and he has not been able to for 17 years. He never recognizes his mother <br /> <br /> until she speaks and when asked to identify himself in family photos he is incapable of doing <br /> <br /> so. He does have the ability to recollect faces if asked to describe someone famous or a family <br /> <br /> member yet when presented with a picture of that person he still is not able to recognize their <br /> <br /> face or to identify the person by picture.<br /> <br /> The study of prosopagnosia has been crucial in the development of theories of face perception. Because prosopagnosia is not a unitary disorder (i.e., different people may show different types and levels of impairment) it has been argued that face perception involves a number of stages, each of which can be separately damaged.[4] This is reflected not just in the amount of impairment displayed but also in the qualitative differences in impairment that a person with prosopagnosia may present with.<br /> <br /> This sort of evidence has been crucial in supporting the theory that there may be a specific face perception system in the brain. This is counter-intuitive to many people as we do not experience faces as 'special' or perceived in a different way from the rest of the world.</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Hemineglect 2008-05-05T04:55:17Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> <br /> Hemineglect is a neurological disorder that is also called hemispatial neglect, unilateral spatial neglect and unilateral inattention. It is characterized by an “unawareness or unresponsiveness to stimuli in the side of space opposite the brain damage” (113). Neglect can come in many varieties. However the most common is visual stimuli and limbs. Neglect results from damage to either the left or right parietal cortex, but damage to the right hemisphere is generally more severe. <br /> <br /> In an extreme case, a patient with neglect might fail to eat the food on the left half of their plate, even though they complain of being hungry. If someone with neglect is asked to draw a clock, their drawing might show only the numbers 12 and 1 to 6, the other side being distorted or left blank. Neglect patients may also ignore the contralesional side of their body, shaving or adding make-up only to the non-neglected side. Neglect may also present as a delusional form, where the patient denies ownership of a limb or an entire side of the body. Since this delusion often occurs alone without the accompaniment of other delusions, it is often labeled as a monothematic delusion.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> =Theories of Causation=<br /> Theories of causation fall into two different categories, attentional and representational. The attentional theories seek to describe why right hemisphere damage more often leads to hemineglect. Some propose that it is because the right hemisphere dominates space for both sides and the left is mainly concerned with the right side of space. The basic component of the representational theory is that neglect patients suffer from a loss of one side of their visual imagery. This comes from research which asked patients to recall images from their long term memories and the participants were only able to produce the half of images that were not on their neglected side. <br /> <br /> =Treatments= <br /> Some of the early treatments called for patients to attend to the neglected side of space. For instance, if a patient had right hemisphere damage, to help them read, a red marker might be placed at the top of the left page and the patient is told to look at the red marker when they are done on the right side. Another treatment is based off of observations of neurologically intact people and prisms. When they are worn they distort the view 10 degrees to the right. Researchers attempted to see if this effect would allow individuals with hemineglect to begin to see the neglected side. When the prisms were worn for long periods of time, neglect patients improved for 5-17 weeks. Although there are various different rehabilitation techniques, researchers understand that the key is to get the patient to switch their attention. <br /> <br /> =References=<br /> Ogden, Jenni. Fractured Minds.</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Synesthesia 2008-05-05T04:44:42Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> <br /> Synesthesia is a neurological syndromein which stimulation of one sensory modality automatically and uncontrollably triggers another sensory modality. The types of synesthesia discussed in class include:<br /> <br /> #Color-graphemic synesthesia: written letters induce vivid color experiences<br /> #Colored-hearing: color experiences induced by spoken words<br /> #Numbers are projected into a spatial layout in front of the patient's chest, and are colored<br /> #Periods of time are conceptualized in a colored spatial layout<br /> <br /> Synesthesia often begins in early childhood, but it can be brought about as a result of brain injury or sensory dedeafferentation.<br /> <br /> Most of the time, synesthesia is unidirectional (for example, most colored-hearing synesthetes do not hear sounds when they see colors). Even if patients have the same form of synesthesia, it is unlikely that their concurrents are the same: letters will not necessarily produce the same colors to different synesthetes.<br /> <br /> == Color-graphemic ==<br /> <br /> [[image:synesthesia.png|250px|thumb|How somebody with color-graphemic synesthesia may read words and numbers]]<br /> <br /> In Color-graphemic synesthesia, written words, letters, and numbers induce vivid color experiences. The actual experience of color tends to vary from patient to patient. Patients may report any of the following:<br /> <br /> #As seen in the image, perceiving letters and numbers as being colored rather than monochrome (black).<br /> #Seeing certain letters/words/numbers may cause the patient to see a screen of color &quot;projected&quot; onto their &quot;mind's eye.&quot;<br /> #As above, but rather than being fully colored, the screen is a blurry and colored version of the letter they are seeing.<br /> #Patients may simply have an association between colors and letters/words/numbers without actually having a visual perception of color.<br /> <br /> Sperling et. al (2006) found evidence that color-graphemic synesthesia is caused by an activation in the color areas ([[V4]]/V8) in the visual cortex as well as the inferior temporal lobe, another region known to be a cortical color processing system. A possible explanation for perceiving colors when seeing writing can be derived from activation of the superior temporal lobe and insula, which are hypothesized to mediate pathway convergence during the induction of a synesthetic-colour experience, leading to feedback-activation of visual areas responsible for color perception.<br /> <br /> == Colored-hearing ==<br /> <br /> In colored-hearing synesthesia, sounds produce an extrasensory experience of color. This is usually in response to tones or other aspects of sound. The sounds that produce colors in colored-hearing synesthetes are musical sounds or environmental sounds (such as alarm clocks, or birds chirping). As with color-graphemic synesthesia, activation in V4/V8 has been associated with the experience of color in response to music or environmental sounds.<br /> <br /> == Number → Color &amp; Shape ==<br /> <br /> In (number)→(color/shape) synesthesia, the patient will project numbers in front of themselves in, for example, a colored arc.<br /> <br /> == Time → Location ==<br /> <br /> In (time)→(location) synesthesia, the patient will arrange periods of time in a colored shape. For example, they may conceptualize the months of the year into a flat, horizontal loop surrounding them in which each month has its own color.<br /> == Causes ==<br /> <br /> It is believed that synesthesia may have a genetic link, according to a twin study done by Hancock (2006). Hancock observed monozygotic twins, who both had color-number associations. The boys did not report seeing colors or even perceiving color experiences but, rather, had a simple association between numbers and colors, as if the numbers ''could be'' represented by colors. The genetic link was made possible by the discovery that the boys' mother also has a color-number association.<br /> <br /> Synesthesia can also be a learned association. Witthoft and Winawer (2006) describe a case study in which their patient had a learned color-letter association as a byproduct of having colored refrigerator magnets as a child. Interestingly enough, this case also described the possibility that synesthetic color-letter associations can transfer between letters; their patient moved to Russia at the age of three, and her color-graphemic synesthesia transferred to Russian Cyrillik.<br /> <br /> Alternatively, synesthesia may arise through &quot;disinhibited feedback&quot; or a reduction in the amount of inhibition along feedback pathways. Normally, the balance of excitation and inhibition are maintained. However, if normal feedback were not adequately inhibited, then signals coming from later multi-sensory stages of processing might influence earlier stages of processing, such that tones would activate visual cortical areas in synesthetes more than in non-synesthetes. In this case, it might explain why some users of psychedelic drugs such as LSD or mescaline report synesthetic experiences while under the influence of the drug.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> Grossenbacher, P.G., &amp; Lovelace, C.T. (2001). Mechanisms of synesthesia: Cognitive and physiological constraints. ''TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 5''(1), 36-41.<br /> <br /> Hancock, P (2006). Monozygotic twins’ colour-number association: A case study. ''Cortex, 42'', 147-150.<br /> <br /> Sperling, J. M., Prvulovic, D., Linden, D.E.J., Singer, W., &amp; Stirn, A. (2006). Neuronal correlates of a colour-graphemic synaesthesia: A fMRI study. ''Cortex, 42'', 295-303.<br /> <br /> Witthoft, N., &amp; Winawer, J. (2006). Synesthetic colors determined by having colored refrigerator magnets in childhood. ''Cortex, 42'', 175-183.<br /> <br /> == External Links ==<br /> <br /> [http://youtube.com/watch?v=DvwTSEwVBfc Tasting Colors]</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/User:JGasparri 2008-04-24T23:24:27Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Name:''' Jennifer Leigh Gasparri<br /> <br /> '''Birthdate:''' December 10, 1985<br /> <br /> '''Birthplace:''' Orlando, FL<br /> <br /> '''Siblings:''' 4 older brothers, 1 older sister, and 1 younger sister<br /> <br /> '''Currently Lives:''' Altamonte Springs (The Lofts at Uptown Altamonte)<br /> <br /> '''Graduation:''' May 11, 2008 (soon!)<br /> <br /> '''Senior Independent Research Study:''' Color Preference and Personality: A Test of the Color Preference Inventory<br /> <br /> '''After Graduation:''' Going to Puerto Rico for a much needed relaxing vacation (my graduation present from my boyfriend), studying hard for the GRE's, and deciding where to go to graduate school<br /> <br /> '''Fun Fact:''' I have synesthesia (word--&gt;color &amp; voice--&gt;color)</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/User:JGasparri 2008-04-24T23:24:12Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Name:''' Jennifer Gasparri<br /> <br /> '''Birthdate:''' December 10, 1985<br /> <br /> '''Birthplace:''' Orlando, FL<br /> <br /> '''Siblings:''' 4 older brothers, 1 older sister, and 1 younger sister<br /> <br /> '''Currently Lives:''' Altamonte Springs (The Lofts at Uptown Altamonte)<br /> <br /> '''Graduation:''' May 11, 2008 (soon!)<br /> <br /> '''Senior Independent Research Study:''' Color Preference and Personality: A Test of the Color Preference Inventory<br /> <br /> '''After Graduation:''' Going to Puerto Rico for a much needed relaxing vacation (my graduation present from my boyfriend), studying hard for the GRE's, and deciding where to go to graduate school<br /> <br /> '''Fun Fact:''' I have synesthesia (word--&gt;color &amp; voice--&gt;color)</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/User:JGasparri 2008-04-24T23:23:48Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Name:''' Jennifer Gasparri<br /> <br /> '''Birthdate:''' December 10, 1985<br /> <br /> '''Birthplace:''' Orlando, FL<br /> <br /> '''Siblings:''' 4 older brothers, 1 older sister, and 1 younger sister<br /> <br /> '''Currently Lives:''' Altamonte Springs (The Lofts at Uptown Altamonte)<br /> <br /> '''Graduates:''' May 11, 2008 (soon!)<br /> <br /> '''Independent Research Study:''' Color Preference and Personality: A Test of the Color Preference Inventory<br /> <br /> '''After Graduation:''' Going to Puerto Rico for a much needed relaxing vacation (my graduation present from my boyfriend), studying hard for the GRE's, and deciding where to go to graduate school<br /> <br /> '''Fun Fact:''' I have synesthesia (word--&gt;color &amp; voice--&gt;color)</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/User:JGasparri 2008-04-24T23:22:51Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Name:''' Jennifer Gasparri<br /> <br /> '''Birthdate:''' December 10, 1985<br /> <br /> '''Birthplace:''' Orlando, FL<br /> <br /> '''Siblings:''' 4 older brothers, 1 older sister, and 1 younger sister<br /> <br /> '''Currently Lives:''' Altamonte Springs (The Lofts at Uptown Altamonte)<br /> <br /> '''Graduates:''' May 11, 2008 (soon!)<br /> <br /> '''Independent Research Study:''' Color Preference and Personality: A Test of the Color Preference Inventory<br /> <br /> '''After Graduation:''' Going to Puerto Rico for a much needed relaxing vacation (my graduation present from my boyfriend), studying hard for the GRE's, and deciding where to go to graduate school<br /> <br /> '''Fun fact:''' I have synesthesia (word--&gt;color &amp; voice--&gt;color)</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/User:JGasparri 2008-04-24T23:20:54Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Name:''' Jennifer Gasparri<br /> <br /> '''Birthdate:''' December 10, 1985<br /> <br /> '''Birthplace:''' Orlando, FL<br /> <br /> '''Siblings:''' 4 older brothers, 1 older sister, and 1 younger sister<br /> <br /> '''Currently Lives:''' Altamonte Springs (The Lofts at Uptown Altamonte)<br /> <br /> '''Graduates:''' May 11, 2008 (soon!)<br /> <br /> '''Independent Research Study:''' Color Preference and Personality: A Test of the Color Preference Inventory<br /> <br /> '''After Graduation:'''Going to Puerto Rico for a much needed relaxing vacation (my graduation present from my boyfriend), studying hard for the GRE's, and deciding where to go to graduate school</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/User:JGasparri 2008-04-24T23:18:51Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>Name: Jennifer Gasparri<br /> <br /> Birthdate: December 10, 1985<br /> <br /> Birthplace: Orlando, FL<br /> <br /> Siblings: 4 older brothers, 1 older sister, and 1 younger sister<br /> <br /> Currently Lives: Altamonte Springs (The Lofts at Uptown Altamonte)<br /> <br /> Graduates: May 11, 2008 (soon!)<br /> <br /> Senior Research: Independent Research Study (Color Preference and Personality: A Test of the Color Preference Inventory)</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/User:JGasparri 2008-04-24T23:18:32Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>Name: Jennifer Gasparri<br /> Birthdate: December 10, 1985<br /> Birthplace: Orlando, FL<br /> Siblings: 4 older brothers, 1 older sister, and 1 younger sister<br /> Currently Lives: Altamonte Springs (The Lofts at Uptown Altamonte)<br /> Graduates: May 11, 2008 (soon!)<br /> Senior Research: Independent Research Study (Color Preference and Personality: A Test of the Color Preference Inventory)</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Synesthesia 2008-04-24T23:15:22Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> <br /> [http://youtube.com/watch?v=DvwTSEwVBfc Tasting Colors]</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/H.M._(patient) 2008-04-24T23:12:16Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>'''H. M.''' is the single most famous case study in the history of neuropsychology. H. M. is an anonymous memory-impaired man, who is only referred to by his initials of H.M. (his real name was Henry). H. M. has one of the most severe cases of amnesia ever recorded, and has been observed by over 100 researchers for over 40 years. <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> H.M was born in Hartford, Connecticut in 1926. He suffered from severe epilepsy, which has often been attributed to a bicycle accident at the age of 9, where he lost consciousness for 5 minutes. He began experiencing mild seizures, and had his first major seizure on his 16th birthday. He also had a family history of epilepsy stemming from his father's side. Into his late 20's, H.M. was experiencing up to 10 seizures and blackouts a week. His seizures were becoming incapacitating and he seemed to be unresponsive to anti-epileptic medications, even at maximum dosages. <br /> <br /> == Surgery ==<br /> In 1953, at the age of 27, H.M. was referred to William Beecher Scoville, founder and director of the Department of Neurosurgery at Hartford Hospital. Dr. Scoville localized H.M.'s seizures to the temporal lobe, and on September 1st of that same year, he performed an experimental surgery on H.M. called a bilateral medial temporal lobe resection, removing parts of the temporal lobe from both hemispheres. The resection ultimately removed H.M.'s [[amygdala]], [[entorhinal cortex]], perirhinal cortex, and two-thirds of his [[hippocampus]] (see below).<br /> <br /> [[Image:HM Brain.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == Amnesia ==<br /> H.M.'s surgery was successful in alleviating his symptoms, and he only had about 2 seizures per year after his surgery. H. M. was, however, left with profound memory difficulties. He has severe anterograde amnesia, and partial retrograde amnesia. He cannot form new long-term memories since his surgery, and cannot acquire new knowledge about anything going on around him or in the world. He does, however, know that he has some kind of illness, and that he is contributing something by allowing researchers to study him. <br /> <br /> Despite H.M.'s [[amnesia]], he remembers most all of his childhood memories, and can even correctly draw a foorplan of the house he grew up in. He also has an above average IQ of 118, and his capacity for language seems to be perfectly intact. H.M. has also proven to be able to learn simple sensorimotor skills: his performance improves with practice on a task involving him to trace a simple diagram by looking at its reflection in a mirror. H.M., of course, never remembers seeing or completing this task, though his performance is improving. H.M. also performs very well on cued-recall tasks. H.M. was even able to hold a simple job at the residential home where he lived, though he couldn't describe his job after working there for 6 months. H.M. is able to hold information in short-term memory for very short periods of time, showing that his working memory seems to be unaffected by the loss of his hippocampus. His main problem exists, however, in converting short-term memories into long-term memories, through a process called consolidation. <br /> <br /> == H.M.'s Contributions to Science==<br /> Studying H.M. has contributed a wealth of understanding of the organization of human memory systems. Most importantly it seems that the hippocampus is required for the formation of long-term memories but not for short-term recall. Also, once the long-term memory is permanently stored, the hippocampus is no longer required, for memory maintenance or retrieval. Furthermore, skill learning seems to be a special kind of long-term memory, not requiring the hippocampus.<br /> <br /> == H.M. Today ==<br /> H.M. is currently living in a nursing home in Hartford, CT., and he occasionally travels to MIT for testing. He enjoys doing crossword puzzles and watching detective shows on television. Though he cannot really make any friends, since he can't remember them from ten minutes to the next, he does seem to have a sense of humor about his condition (taken from his autobiography):<br /> <br /> When walking down the corridor at M.I.T. with Henry, Dr. Suzanne Corkin made the usual kind of small talk. &quot;Do you know where you are, Henry?&quot; <br /> <br /> Henry grinned. &quot;Why, of course. I'm at M.I.T.!&quot; <br /> <br /> Dr. Corkin was a bit surprised. &quot;How do you know that?&quot; <br /> <br /> Henry laughed. He pointed to a student nearby with a large M.I.T. emblazoned on his sweatshirt. &quot;Got ya that time!&quot; Henry said. <br /> <br /> H.M. leads a seemingly happy, yet confused life, and he never seems to know exactly how old he is (he guesses he is in his mid 30's, and is always surprised by his reflection in the mirror). He relives the grief of the death of his mother every time he hears about it, and though he doesn't remember his surgery, he knows there is something wrong with his memory. H.M. suffers from osteoporosis, a side effect of phenytoin, the anti-convulsive drug he has been taking. Otherwise, he is in very good health. Though death is of course inevitable, arrangements have already been made for post-mortem examination of his brain, which will undoubtedly reveal a great deal more about the anatomy of memory.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/H.M._(patient) 2008-04-24T23:11:40Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>'''H. M.''' is the single most famous case study in the history of neuropsychology. H. M. is an anonymous memory-impaired man, who is only referred to by his initials of H.M. (his real name was Henry). H. M. has one of the most severe cases of amnesia ever recorded, and has been observed by over 100 researchers for over 40 years. <br /> <br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> H.M was born in Hartford, Connecticut in 1926. He suffered from severe epilepsy, which has often been attributed to a bicycle accident at the age of 9, where he lost consciousness for 5 minutes. He began experiencing mild seizures, and had his first major seizure on his 16th birthday. He also had a family history of epilepsy stemming from his father's side. Into his late 20's, H.M. was experiencing up to 10 seizures and blackouts a week. His seizures were becoming incapacitating and he seemed to be unresponsive to anti-epileptic medications, even at maximum dosages. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Surgery ==<br /> In 1953, at the age of 27, H.M. was referred to William Beecher Scoville, founder and director of the Department of Neurosurgery at Hartford Hospital. Dr. Scoville localized H.M.'s seizures to the temporal lobe, and on September 1st of that same year, he performed an experimental surgery on H.M. called a bilateral medial temporal lobe resection, removing parts of the temporal lobe from both hemispheres. The resection ultimately removed H.M.'s [[amygdala]], [[entorhinal cortex]], perirhinal cortex, and two-thirds of his [[hippocampus]] (see below).<br /> [[Image:HM Brain.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Amnesia ==<br /> H.M.'s surgery was successful in alleviating his symptoms, and he only had about 2 seizures per year after his surgery. H. M. was, however, left with profound memory difficulties. He has severe anterograde amnesia, and partial retrograde amnesia. He cannot form new long-term memories since his surgery, and cannot acquire new knowledge about anything going on around him or in the world. He does, however, know that he has some kind of illness, and that he is contributing something by allowing researchers to study him. <br /> <br /> Despite H.M.'s [[amnesia]], he remembers most all of his childhood memories, and can even correctly draw a foorplan of the house he grew up in. He also has an above average IQ of 118, and his capacity for language seems to be perfectly intact. H.M. has also proven to be able to learn simple sensorimotor skills: his performance improves with practice on a task involving him to trace a simple diagram by looking at its reflection in a mirror. H.M., of course, never remembers seeing or completing this task, though his performance is improving. H.M. also performs very well on cued-recall tasks. H.M. was even able to hold a simple job at the residential home where he lived, though he couldn't describe his job after working there for 6 months. H.M. is able to hold information in short-term memory for very short periods of time, showing that his working memory seems to be unaffected by the loss of his hippocampus. His main problem exists, however, in converting short-term memories into long-term memories, through a process called consolidation. <br /> <br /> <br /> == H.M.'s Contributions to Science==<br /> Studying H.M. has contributed a wealth of understanding of the organization of human memory systems. Most importantly it seems that the hippocampus is required for the formation of long-term memories but not for short-term recall. Also, once the long-term memory is permanently stored, the hippocampus is no longer required, for memory maintenance or retrieval. Furthermore, skill learning seems to be a special kind of long-term memory, not requiring the hippocampus.<br /> <br /> <br /> == H.M. Today ==<br /> H.M. is currently living in a nursing home in Hartford, CT., and he occasionally travels to MIT for testing. He enjoys doing crossword puzzles and watching detective shows on television. Though he cannot really make any friends, since he can't remember them from ten minutes to the next, he does seem to have a sense of humor about his condition (taken from his autobiography):<br /> <br /> When walking down the corridor at M.I.T. with Henry, Dr. Suzanne Corkin made the usual kind of small talk. &quot;Do you know where you are, Henry?&quot; <br /> <br /> Henry grinned. &quot;Why, of course. I'm at M.I.T.!&quot; <br /> <br /> Dr. Corkin was a bit surprised. &quot;How do you know that?&quot; <br /> <br /> Henry laughed. He pointed to a student nearby with a large M.I.T. emblazoned on his sweatshirt. &quot;Got ya that time!&quot; Henry said. <br /> <br /> H.M. leads a seemingly happy, yet confused life, and he never seems to know exactly how old he is (he guesses he is in his mid 30's, and is always surprised by his reflection in the mirror). He relives the grief of the death of his mother every time he hears about it, and though he doesn't remember his surgery, he knows there is something wrong with his memory. H.M. suffers from osteoporosis, a side effect of phenytoin, the anti-convulsive drug he has been taking. Otherwise, he is in very good health. Though death is of course inevitable, arrangements have already been made for post-mortem examination of his brain, which will undoubtedly reveal a great deal more about the anatomy of memory.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Anosognosia 2008-04-24T23:10:29Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Anosognosia''' is a neuropsychological condition where a person denies that they are suffering from a disability caused by brain injury, such as blindness or paralysis. Anosognosia is thought to be related to [[unilateral neglect]], a condition often found after damage to the non-dominant hemisphere of the cerebral cortex in which sufferers seem unable to attend to, or sometimes comprehend, anything on a certain side of their body. The word anosognosia comes from the Greek words &quot;nosos&quot;, meaning disease, and &quot;gnosis&quot;, meaning knowledge. The term was first used by the neurologist [[Joseph Babinski]] in 1914.<br /> <br /> == Anosognosia for Hemiplegia ==<br /> Anosognosia is a fairly common condition, arising from some form of brain injury, such as a stroke. Anosognosia occurs, at least temporarily, in over 50% of stroke victims who suffer from [[hemiplegia]] (paralysis on the side of the body opposite the stroke). Patients with anosognosia for hemiplegia insist that they can do things like lift both legs, touch their doctor's nose with a finger on their paralyzed side, and walk normally. These patients are much less likely to regain independence after their stroke than patients without anosognosia, primarily because they overestimate their own abilities in unsafe situations. Amazingly, many anosognosiacs also seem unable to recognize their own limitations in other people. In a recent experiment, [[Vilayanur Ramachandran]] found that two thirds of tested hemiplegic anosognosiacs were not able to recognize paralysis in another person. He suggests that this is because we have a schema for ourselves, as well as the bodies of others, and that they are represented in close proximity in our brains. <br /> <br /> == Treatment ==<br /> Two methods of treatment are currently used to help bring a sense of awareness of failure to anosognosiacs. The first method involves pouring ice cold water into the ear of the patient on the side of the paralysis. Since nerves in the ear contribute information about the body's balance to the brain, by shocking these nerves the part of the body responsible for updating the body schema with new information may be startled. This treatment method seems to work quite well, and patients undergoing this treatment often fully realize their paralysis for several hours. The second method of treatment uses virtual reality programming to give patients repeated feedback about their failures in a safe setting. <br /> <br /> There are, however, currently no long-term treatments for patients with anosognosia. Most cases of anosognosia seem to disappear over time, while other cases can last indefinitely. Normally, long-term cases are treated with cognitive therapy to train the patient to adjust for their inoperable limbs (though it is believed that these patients still are not &quot;aware&quot; of their disability).</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Broca%27s_area 2008-04-24T23:09:12Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> '''Broca's area''' is the area in the brain that is responsible for speech production, language processing, and language comprehension. Broca's area was first discovered in 1861 by Pierre [[Paul Broca]], after studying the postmortem brain of one of his patients who had a speech impediment.<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Broca's area is located in the left frontal lobe, around the opercular and triangular sections of the inferior frontal gyrus. It is connected to Wernicke’s area of the brain by the arcuate fasciculus, which is a pathway made of neurons. (see below).<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Image:Broca.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == Parts ==<br /> Broca's area contains two main parts: the ''Pars triangularis'' and the ''Pars opercularis''.<br /> <br /> The '''Pars triangularis''' is located in the anterior part of Broca's area. Researchers believe that this area of the brain is responsible for helping the human brain interpret different stimulus modes. It also supports the programming of verbal conducts.<br /> <br /> The '''Pars opercularis''' is located in the posterior part of Broca's area. It is believed that this area supports only one stimulus mode, rather than multiple modes like the Pars triangularis. This portion of Broca’s area is also believed to coordinate the organs used for speech in order to produce language.<br /> <br /> == Damage to Broca's area ==<br /> If Broca's area is damaged, people will usually suffer from a condition called ''[[Broca's aphasia]]''. This condition is also sometimes called ''expressive aphasia'', ''nonfluent aphasia'', or ''motor aphasia''. Broca's aphasia makes people unable to create sentences that are grammatically complex. In addition, the sentences usually contain very few words related to content. Broca's aphasia is characterized by nonfluent speech, few words, short sentences, and many pauses.<br /> <br /> For example, if a Broca's aphasic was trying to explain how he came to the hospital for dental surgery, it might sound like this:<br /> <br /> &quot;Yes... ah... Monday... er... Dad and Peter H... (his own name), and Dad.... er... hospital... and ah... Wednesday... Wednesday, nine o'clock... and oh... Thursday... ten o'clock, ah doctors... two... an' doctors... and er... teeth... yah.&quot;<br /> <br /> Despite the Broca's aphasic's difficulty in putting together sentences, a person with a damaged Broca's area is generally capable of comprehending language without a problem. Sometimes, however, the person may have difficulty with understanding a few words used in a sentence with complex syntax. These people typically have damage only in the posterior part of Broca's area, a condition called ''[[Wernicke’s aphasia]]''. Those suffering from Wernicke’s aphasia may have somewhat normal speech, though it tends to be vague or even meaningless.<br /> <br /> == Video Clip ==<br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuPeOKeCxu8 Broca's area video]</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Ptito_et_al._(2005) 2008-04-24T23:01:45Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Plasticity Symposium]]<br /> <br /> '''Cross-Modal Plasticity Revealed by Electrotactile Stimulation of the Tongue in the Congenitally Blind (Ptito et al., 2005)'''<br /> <br /> The experimenters in this study used PET to study cross-modal plasticity in the congenitally blind, using electrotactile stimulation of the tongue.<br /> <br /> == Participants ==<br /> Participants included 6 blind and 5 sighted blind-folded controls. <br /> <br /> == Training ==<br /> Participants were trained to use their tongue in a Snellen orientation detection task. They were scanned before and after training.<br /> <br /> == Results ==<br /> Before training, no significant changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was observed in the occipital cortex of either group. After practice for the blind, however, activity in the occipital cortex increased. This increase in activity was not observed in the sighted participants, providing evidence for training-induced plasticity in the congenitally blind. <br /> <br /> An inter-regional correlation analysis showed that task-related rCBF changes in the left posterior parietal cortex were positively correlated with rCBF changes in the occipital area of the trained blind participants.<br /> <br /> == Conclusion ==<br /> This data revealed that cross-modal plasticity in the blind develops rapidly and that the occipital cortex is part of a functional neural network for tactile discrimination in conjunction with the posterior parietal cortex. Data further showed that the tongue can act as a portal to convey somatosensory information to visual cortex.</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Ptito_et_al._(2005) 2008-04-24T22:59:35Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Plasticity Symposium]]<br /> <br /> '''Cross-Modal Plasticity Revealed by Electrotactile Stimulation of the Tongue in the Congenitally Blind (Ptito et al., 2005)'''<br /> <br /> The experimenters in this study used PET to study cross-modal plasticity in the congenitally blind, using electrotactile stiumlation of the tongue.<br /> <br /> == Participants ==<br /> Participants included 6 blind and 5 sighted blind-folded controls. <br /> <br /> == Training ==<br /> Participants were trained to use their tongue in a Snellen orientation detection task. They were scanned before and after training.<br /> <br /> == Results ==<br /> Before training, no significant changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was observed in the occipital cortex of either group. After practice for the blind, however, activity in the occiptal cortex increased. This increase in activity was not observed in the sighted participants, providing evidence for training-induced plasticity in the congenitally blind. <br /> <br /> An inter-regional correlation analysis showed that task-related rCBF changes in the left posterior parietal cortex was positively correlated with rCBF changes in the occipital area of the trained blind participants.<br /> <br /> == Conclusion ==<br /> This data revealed that cross-modal plasticity in the blind develops rapidly and that the occipital cortex is part of a functional neural network for tactile discrimination in conjunction with the posterior parietal cortex. Data further showed that the tongue can act as a portal to convey somatosensory information to visual cortex.</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Wisconsin_card_sort_test 2008-04-24T22:34:09Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> The '''Wisconsin Card Sorting Test''' is a neuropsychological test of abstract thinking, planning, and the ability to alter mental sets as circumstances require, and to overcome the tendency to perseverate.<br /> <br /> <br /> == How It Works ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test consists of a special deck of 128 cards differing in color, form, and number of forms on each card (e.g. four blue circles, three green stars, one red triangle, etc.). The person being tested is provided with four different cards laid out in front of them by the person administering the test. They are given the remaining cards in the deck and asked to match each of the cards in the deck with its corresponding appropriate card, in one of the four piles previously laid out. They are not told how to match the cards (whether by color, shape, or number), but they are provided with feedback by the administer, as to whether they've matched the cards correctly. Also, after a few trials, the administer will change the &quot;rule&quot; that the cards are being matched by (color, shape, or number), and the person being tested has to quickly shift their mindset to accommodate the new &quot;rule&quot;, displaying flexibility (see example below). <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Image:Wisconsin.gif]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Computers ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, as described above, was originally used with an actual deck of paper cards. However, beginning in the 1990's, computerized versions of the test began being administered. The use of computers for administering the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test has helped because it can automatically score the test. The original test was quite complex to score. Also, the computerized version takes only 12-20 minutes to administer and generates a number of different psychometric scores, including numbers, percentages, and percentiles of: categories achieved, trials, errors, and perseverative errors.<br /> <br /> <br /> == What Is It Used For? ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test is primarily used by neuropsychologists to test the cognitive abilities (such as memory and attention) of people who have acquired brain damage, a neurodegenerative disease, or mental illness (such as [[schizophrenia]]). People with frontal lobe damage usually perform the poorest on this test, and tend to sort much more slowly than normal subjects, and they make much more perseverative errors than normals. Perseverative errors occur when they continue to sort according to the old &quot;rule&quot;, even though it doesn't apply anymore. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Video Clip ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABlncLQ4x4E Video Clip]</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Wisconsin_card_sort_test 2008-04-24T22:32:48Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> The '''Wisconsin Card Sorting Test''' is a neuropsychological test of abstract thinking, planning, and the ability to alter mental sets as circumstances require, and to overcome the tendency to perseverate.<br /> <br /> <br /> == How It Works ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test consists of a special deck of 128 cards differing in color, form, and number of forms on each card (e.g. four blue circles, three green stars, one red triangle, etc.). The person being tested is provided with four different cards laid out in front of them by the person administering the test. They are given the remaining cards in the deck and asked to match each of the cards in the deck with its corresponding appropriate card, in one of the four piles previously laid out. They are not told how to match the cards (whether by color, shape, or number), but they are provided with feedback by the administer, as to whether they've matched the cards correctly. Also, after a few trials, the administer will change the &quot;rule&quot; that the cards are being matched by (color, shape, or number), and the person being tested has to quickly shift their mindset to accommodate the new &quot;rule&quot;, displaying flexibility (see example below). <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Image:Wisconsin.gif]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Computers ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, as described above, was originally used with an actual deck of paper cards. However, beginning in the 1990's, computerized versions of the test began being administered. The use of computers for administering the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test has helped because it can automatically score the test. The original test was quite complex to score. Also, the computerized version takes only 12-20 minutes to administer and generates a number of different psychometric scores, including numbers, percentages, and percentiles of: categories achieved, trials, errors, and perseverative errors.<br /> <br /> <br /> == What Is It Used For? ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test is primarily used by neuropsychologists to test the cognitive abilities (such as memory and attention) of people who have acquired brain damage, a neurodegenerative disease, or mental illness. People with frontal lobe damage usually perform the poorest on this test, and tend to sort much more slowly than normal subjects, and they make much more perseverative errors than normals. Perseverative errors occur when they continue to sort according to the old &quot;rule&quot;, even though it doesn't apply anymore. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Video Clip ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABlncLQ4x4E Video Clip]</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Wisconsin_card_sort_test 2008-04-24T22:28:40Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> The '''Wisconsin Card Sorting Test''' is a neuropsychological test of abstract thinking, planning, and the ability to alter mental sets as circumstances require, and to overcome the tendency to perseverate.<br /> <br /> <br /> == How It Works ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test consists of a special deck of 128 cards differing in color, form, and number of forms on each card (e.g. four blue circles, three green stars, one red triangle, etc.). The person being tested is provided with four different cards laid out in front of them by the person administering the test. They are given the remaining cards in the deck and asked to match each of the cards in the deck with its corresponding appropriate card, in one of the four piles previously laid out. They are not told how to match the cards (whether by color, shape, or number), but they are provided with feedback by the administer, as to whether they've matched the cards correctly. Also, after a few trials, the administer will change the &quot;rule&quot; that the cards are being matched by (color, shape, or number), and the person being tested has to quickly shift their mindset to accommodate the new &quot;rule&quot;, displaying flexibility (see example below). <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Image:Wisconsin.gif]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Computers ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, as described above, was originally used with an actual deck of paper cards. However, beginning in the 1990's, computerized versions of the test began being administered. The use of computers for administering the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test has helped because it can automatically score the test. The original test was quite complex to score. Also, the computerized version takes only 12-20 minutes to administer and generates a number of different psychometric scores, including numbers, percentages, and percentiles of: categories achieved, trials, errors, and perseverative errors.<br /> <br /> <br /> == What Is It Used For? ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test is primarily used by neuropsychologists to test the cognitive abilities (such as memory and attention) of people who have acquired brain damage, a neurodegenerative disease, or mental illness. People with frontal lobe damage usually perform the poorest on this test, and tend to sort much more slowly than normal subjects, and they make much more perseverative errors than normals. Perseverative errors occur when they continue to sort according to the old &quot;rule&quot;, even though it doesn't apply anymore. <br /> <br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABlncLQ4x4E Video Clip]</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Wisconsin_card_sort_test 2008-04-24T22:25:15Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> The '''Wisconsin Card Sorting Test''' is a neuropsychological test of abstract thinking, planning, and the ability to alter mental sets as circumstances require, and to overcome the tendency to perseverate.<br /> <br /> <br /> == How It Works ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test consists of a special deck of 128 cards differing in color, form, and number of forms on each card (e.g. four blue circles, three green stars, one red triangle, etc.). The person being tested is provided with four different cards layed out in front of them by the person administering the test. They are given the remaining cards in the deck and asked to match each of the cards in the deck with its corresponding appropraite card, in one of the four piles previously layed out. They are not told how to match the cards (whether by color, shape, or number), but they are provided with feedback by the administer, as to whether they've matched the cards correctly. Also, after a few trials, the administer will change the &quot;rule&quot; that the cards are being matched by (color, shape, or number), and the person being tested has to quickly shift their mindset to accomodate the new &quot;rule&quot;, displaying flexibility (see example below). <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Image:Wisconsin.gif]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Computers ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, as described above, was originally used with an actual deck of paper cards. However, beginning in the 1990's, computerized versions of the test began being administered. The use of computers for administering the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test has helped because it can automatically score the test. The original test was quite complex to score. Also, the computerized version takes only 12-20 minutes to administer and generates a number of different psychometric scores, including numbers, percentages, and percentiles of: categories achieved, trials, errors, and perseverative errors.<br /> <br /> <br /> == What Is It Used For? ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test is primarily used by neuropsychologists to test the cognitive abilities (such as memory and attention) of people who have acquired brain damage, a neurodegenerative disease, or mental illness. People with frontal lobe damage usually perform the poorest on this test, and tend to sort much more sloely than normal subjects, and they make much more perseverative errors than normals. Perseverative errors occur when they continue to sort according to the old &quot;rule&quot;, even though it doesn't apply anymore. <br /> <br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABlncLQ4x4E Video Clip]</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Wisconsin_card_sort_test 2008-04-24T22:23:01Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> The '''Wisconsin Card Sorting Test''' is a neuropsychological test of abstract thinking, planning, and the ability to alter mental sets as circumstances require.<br /> <br /> <br /> == How It Works ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test consists of a special deck of 128 cards differing in color, form, and number of forms on each card (e.g. four blue circles, three green stars, one red triangle, etc.). The person being tested is provided with four different cards layed out in front of them by the person administering the test. They are given the remaining cards in the deck and asked to match each of the cards in the deck with its corresponding appropraite card, in one of the four piles previously layed out. They are not told how to match the cards (whether by color, shape, or number), but they are provided with feedback by the administer, as to whether they've matched the cards correctly. Also, after a few trials, the administer will change the &quot;rule&quot; that the cards are being matched by (color, shape, or number), and the person being tested has to quickly shift their mindset to accomodate the new &quot;rule&quot;, displaying flexibility (see example below). <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Image:Wisconsin.gif]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Computers ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, as described above, was originally used with an actual deck of paper cards. However, beginning in the 1990's, computerized versions of the test began being administered. The use of computers for administering the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test has helped because it can automatically score the test. The original test was quite complex to score. Also, the computerized version takes only 12-20 minutes to administer and generates a number of different psychometric scores, including numbers, percentages, and percentiles of: categories achieved, trials, errors, and perseverative errors.<br /> <br /> <br /> == What Is It Used For? ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test is primarily used by neuropsychologists to test the cognitive abilities (such as memory and attention) of people who have acquired brain damage, a neurodegenerative disease, or mental illness. People with frontal lobe damage usually perform the poorest on this test, and tend to sort much more sloely than normal subjects, and they make much more perseverative errors than normals. Perseverative errors occur when they continue to sort according to the old &quot;rule&quot;, even though it doesn't apply anymore. <br /> <br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABlncLQ4x4E Video Clip]</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Wisconsin_card_sort_test 2008-04-24T21:58:56Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> The '''Wisconsin Card Sorting Test''' is a neuropsychological test of abstract thinking, planning, and the ability to alter mental sets as circumstances require.<br /> <br /> <br /> == How It Works ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test consists of a special deck of 128 cards differing in color, form, and number of forms on each card (e.g. four blue circles, three green stars, one red triangle, etc.). The person being tested is provided with four different cards layed out in front of them by the person administering the test. They are given the remaining cards in the deck and asked to match each of the cards in the deck with its corresponding appropraite card, in one of the four piles previously layed out. They are not told how to match the cards (whether by color, shape, or number), but they are provided with feedback by the administer, as to whether they've matched the cards correctly. Also, after a few trials, the administer will change the &quot;rule&quot; that the cards are being matched by (color, shape, or number), and the person being tested has to quickly shift their mindset to accomodate the new &quot;rule&quot; (see example below). <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Image:Wisconsin.gif]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Computers ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, as described above, was originally used with an actual deck of paper cards. However, beginning in the 1990's, computerized versions of the test began being administered. The use of computers for administering the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test has helped because it can automatically score the test. The original test was quite complex to score. Also, the computerized version takes only 12-20 minutes to administer and generates a number of different psychometric scores, including numbers, percentages, and percentiles of: categories achieved, trials, errors, and perseverative errors.<br /> <br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABlncLQ4x4E Video Clip]</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Wisconsin_card_sort_test 2008-04-24T21:54:31Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> The '''Wisconsin Card Sorting Test''' is a neuropsychological test of abstract thinking, planning, and the ability to alter mental sets as circumstances require.<br /> <br /> <br /> == How It Works ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test consists of a special deck of 128 cards differing in color, form, and number of forms on each card (e.g. four blue circles, three green stars, one red triangle, etc.). The person being tested is provided with four different cards layed out in front of them by the person administering the test. They are given the remaining cards in the deck and asked to match each of the cards in the deck with its corresponding appropraite card, in one of the four piles previously layed out. They are not told how to match the cards (whether by color, shape, or number), but they are provided with feedback by the administer, as to whether they've matched the cards correctly. Also, after a few trials, the administer will change the &quot;rule&quot; that the cards are being matched by (color, shape, or number), and the person being tested has to quickly shift their mindset to accomodate the new &quot;rule&quot; (see example below). <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Image:Wisconsin.gif]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABlncLQ4x4E Video Clip]</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Wisconsin_card_sort_test 2008-04-24T21:53:15Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> The '''Wisconsin Card Sorting Test''' is a neuropsychological test of abstract thinking, planning, and the ability to alter mental sets as circumstances require.<br /> <br /> <br /> == How It Works ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test consists of a special deck of 128 cards differing in color, form, and number of forms on each card (e.g. four blue circles, three green stars, one red triangle, etc.). The person being tested is provided with four different cards layed out in front of them by the person administering the test. They are given the remining cards in the deck and asked to match each of the cards in the deck with its corresponding appropraite card, in one of the four piles previously layed out. They are not told how to match the cards (whether by color, shape, or number), but they are provided feedback by the administer, as to whether they've matched the cards correctly. Also, after a few trials, the administer will change the &quot;rule&quot; that the cards are being matched by (color, shape, or number), and the person being tested has to quickly shift their mindset to accomodate the new &quot;rule&quot; (see example below). <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Image:Wisconsin.gif]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABlncLQ4x4E Video Clip]</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Wisconsin_card_sort_test 2008-04-24T21:51:04Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> The '''Wisconsin Card Sorting Test''' is a neuropsychological test of abstract thinking, planning, and the ability to alter mental sets as circumstances require.<br /> <br /> <br /> == How It Works ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test consists of a special deck of 128 cards differing in color, form, and number of forms on each card (e.g. four blue circles, three green stars, one red triangle, etc.). The person being tested is provided with four different cards layed out in front of them by the person administering the test. They are given the remining cards in the deck and asked to match each of the cards in the deck with its corresponding appropraite card, in one of the four piles previously layed out. They are not told how to match the cards (whether by color, shape, or number), but they are provided feedback by the administer, as to whether they've matched the cards correctly (see example below). <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Image:Wisconsin.gif]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABlncLQ4x4E Video Clip]</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Wisconsin_card_sort_test 2008-04-24T21:50:38Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> The '''Wisconsin Card Sorting Test''' is a neuropsychological test of abstract thinking, planning, and the ability to alter mental sets as circumstances require.<br /> <br /> <br /> == How It Works ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test consists of a special deck of 128 cards differing in color, form, and number of forms on each card (e.g. four blue circles, three green stars, one red triangle, etc.). The person being tested is provided with four different cards layed out in front of them by the person administering the test. They are given the remining cards in the deck and asked to match each of the cards in the deck with its corresponding appropraite card, in one of the four piles previously layed out. They are not told how to match the cards (whether by color, shape, or number), but they are provided feedback by the administer, as to whether they've matched the cards correctly. <br /> <br /> [[Image:Wisconsin.gif]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABlncLQ4x4E Video Clip]</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/File:Wisconsin.gif 2008-04-24T21:49:49Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div></div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/File:Wisconsin.png 2008-04-24T21:48:18Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div></div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Wisconsin_card_sort_test 2008-04-24T21:48:00Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> The '''Wisconsin Card Sorting Test''' is a neuropsychological test of abstract thinking, planning, and the ability to alter mental sets as circumstances require.<br /> <br /> <br /> == How It Works ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test consists of a special deck of 128 cards differing in color, form, and number of forms on each card (e.g. four blue circles, three green stars, one red triangle, etc.). The person being tested is provided with four different cards layed out in front of them by the person administering the test. They are given the remining cards in the deck and asked to match each of the cards in the deck with its corresponding appropraite card, in one of the four piles previously layed out. They are not told how to match the cards (whether by color, shape, or number), but they are provided feedback by the administer, as to whether they've matched the cards correctly. <br /> <br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABlncLQ4x4E Video Clip]</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Wisconsin_card_sort_test 2008-04-24T21:44:31Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> The '''Wisconsin Card Sorting Test''' is a neuropsychological test of abstract thinking, planning, and the ability to alter mental sets as circumstances require.<br /> <br /> <br /> == How It Works ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test consists of a special deck of 128 cards differing in color, form, and number of forms on each card (e.g. four blue circles, three green stars, one red triangle, etc.). <br /> <br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABlncLQ4x4E Video Clip]</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Wisconsin_card_sort_test 2008-04-24T21:43:33Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> The '''Wisconsin Card Sorting Test''' is a neuropsychological test of abstract thinking, planning, and the ability to alter mental sets as circumstances require.<br /> <br /> <br /> == How It Works ==<br /> The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test consists of a special deck of 128 cards differing in color, form, and number of forms on each card (e.g. three blue stars, one red square). <br /> <br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABlncLQ4x4E Video Clip]</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Wisconsin_card_sort_test 2008-04-24T21:38:00Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> The '''Wisconsin Card Sorting Test''' is a neuropsychological test of abstract thinking, planning, and the ability to alter mental sets as circumstances require.<br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABlncLQ4x4E Video Clip]</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Anosognosia 2008-04-20T19:47:40Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Anosognosia''' is a neuropsychological condition where a person denies that they are suffering from a disability caused by brain injury, such as blindness or paralysis. Anosognosia is thought to be related to [[unilateral neglect]], a condition often found after damage to the non-dominant hemisphere of the cerebral cortex in which sufferers seem unable to attend to, or sometimes comprehend, anything on a certain side of their body. The word anosognosia comes from the Greek words &quot;nosos&quot;, meaning disease, and &quot;gnosis&quot;, meaning knowledge. The term was first used by the neurologist [[Joseph Babinski]] in 1914.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Anosognosia for Hemiplegia ==<br /> Anosognosia is a fairly common condition, arising from some form of brain injury, such as a stroke. Anosognosia occurs, at least temporarily, in over 50% of stroke victims who suffer from [[hemiplegia]] (paralysis on the side of the body opposite the stroke). Patients with anosognosia for hemiplegia insist that they can do things like lift both legs, touch their doctor's nose with a finger on their paralyzed side, and walk normally. These patients are much less likely to regain independence after their stroke than patients without anosognosia, primarily because they overestimate their own abilities in unsafe situations. Amazingly, many anosognosiacs also seem unable to recognize their own limitations in other people. In a recent experiment, [[Vilayanur Ramachandran]] found that two thirds of tested hemiplegic anosognosiacs were not able to recognize paralysis in another person. He suggests that this is because we have a schema for ourselves, as well as the bodies of others, and that they are represented in close proximity in our brains. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Treatment ==<br /> Two methods of treatment are currently used to help bring a sense of awareness of failure to anosognosiacs. The first method involves pouring ice cold water into the ear of the patient on the side of the paralysis. Since nerves in the ear contribute information about the body's balance to the brain, by shocking these nerves the part of the body responsible for updating the body schema with new information may be startled. This treatment method seems to work quite well, and patients undergoing this treatment often fully realize their paralysis for several hours. The second method of treatment uses virtual reality programming to give patients repeated feedback about their failures in a safe setting. <br /> <br /> There are, however, currently no long-term treatments for patients with anosognosia. Most cases of anosognosia seem to disappear over time, while other cases can last indefinitely. Normally, long-term cases are treated with cognitive therapy to train the patient to adjust for their inoperable limbs (though it is believed that these patients still are not &quot;aware&quot; of their disability).</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Anosognosia 2008-04-20T19:46:00Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Anosognosia''' is a neuropsychological condition where a person denies that they are suffering from a disability caused by brain injury, such as blindness or paralysis. The word anosognosia comes from the Greek words &quot;nosos&quot;, meaning disease, and &quot;gnosis&quot;, meaning knowledge. The term was first used by the neurologist [[Joseph Babinski]] in 1914.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Anosognosia for Hemiplegia ==<br /> Anosognosia is a fairly common condition, arising from some form of brain injury, such as a stroke. Anosognosia occurs, at least temporarily, in over 50% of stroke victims who suffer from [[hemiplegia]] (paralysis on the side of the body opposite the stroke). Patients with anosognosia for hemiplegia insist that they can do things like lift both legs, touch their doctor's nose with a finger on their paralyzed side, and walk normally. These patients are much less likely to regain independence after their stroke than patients without anosognosia, primarily because they overestimate their own abilities in unsafe situations. Amazingly, many anosognosiacs also seem unable to recognize their own limitations in other people. In a recent experiment, [[Vilayanur Ramachandran]] found that two thirds of tested hemiplegic anosognosiacs were not able to recognize paralysis in another person. He suggests that this is because we have a schema for ourselves, as well as the bodies of others, and that they are represented in close proximity in our brains. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Treatment ==<br /> Two methods of treatment are currently used to help bring a sense of awareness of failure to anosognosiacs. The first method involves pouring ice cold water into the ear of the patient on the side of the paralysis. Since nerves in the ear contribute information about the body's balance to the brain, by shocking these nerves the part of the body responsible for updating the body schema with new information may be startled. This treatment method seems to work quite well, and patients undergoing this treatment often fully realize their paralysis for several hours. The second method of treatment uses virtual reality programming to give patients repeated feedback about their failures in a safe setting. <br /> <br /> There are, however, currently no long-term treatments for patients with anosognosia. Most cases of anosognosia seem to disappear over time, while other cases can last indefinitely. Normally, long-term cases are treated with cognitive therapy to train the patient to adjust for their inoperable limbs (though it is believed that these patients still are not &quot;aware&quot; of their disability).</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Anosognosia 2008-04-20T19:42:31Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Anosognosia''' is a neuropsychological condition where a person denies that they are suffering from a disability caused by brain injury, such as blindness or paralysis. The word anosognosia comes from the Greek words &quot;nosos&quot;, meaning disease, and &quot;gnosis&quot;, meaning knowledge. The term was first used by the neurologist [[Joseph Babinski]] in 1914.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Anosognosia for Hemiplegia ==<br /> Anosognosia is a fairly common condition, arising from some form of brain injury, such as a stroke. Anosognosia occurs, at least temporarily, in over 50% of stroke victims who suffer from [[hemiplegia]] (paralysis on the side of the body opposite the stroke). Patients with anosognosia for hemiplegia insist that they can do things like lift both legs, touch their doctor's nose with a finger on their paralyzed side, and walk normally. These patients are much less likely to regain independence after their stroke than patients without anosognosia, primarily because they overestimate their own abilities in unsafe situations. Amazingly, many anosognosiacs also seem unable to recognize their own limitations in other people. In a recent experiment, [[Vilayanur Ramachandran]] found that two thirds of tested hemiplegic anosognosiacs were not able to recognize paralysis in another person. He suggests that this is because we have a schema for ourselves, as well as the bodies of others, and that they are represented in close proximity in our brains. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Treatment ==<br /> There are currently no long-term treatments for patients with anosognosia. Squirting ice cold water into the left ear, however, has been known to temporarily alleviate the unawareness of disability. Most cases of anosognosia seem to disappear over time, while other cases can last indefinitely. Normally, long-term cases are treated with cognitive therapy to train the patient to adjust for their inoperable limbs (though it is believed that these patients still are not &quot;aware&quot; of their disability).</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Anosognosia 2008-04-20T19:41:59Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Anosognosia''' is a neuropsychological condition where a person denies that they are suffering from a disability caused by brain injury, such as blindness or paralysis. The word anosognosia comes from the Greek words &quot;nosos&quot;, meaning disease, and &quot;gnosis&quot;, meaning knowledge. The term was first used by the neurologist [[Joseph Babinski]] in 1914.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Anosognosia for Hemiplegia ==<br /> Anosognosia is a fairly common condition, arising from some form of brain injury, such as a stroke. Anosognosia occurs, at least temporarily, in over 50% of stroke victims who suffer from [[hemiplegia]] (paralysis on the side of the body opposite the stroke). Patients with anosognosia for hemiplegia insist that they can do things like lift both legs, touch their doctor's nose with a finger on their paralyzed side, and walk normally. These patients are much less likely to regain independence after their stroke than patients without anosognosia, primarily because they overestimate their own abilities in unsafe situations. Amazingly, many anosognosiacs also seem unable to recognize their own limitations in other people. In a recent experiment, [[Ramachandran]] found that two thirds of tested hemiplegic anosognosiacs were not able to recognize paralysis in another person. He suggests that this is because we have a schema for ourselves, as well as the bodies of others, and that they are represented in close proximity in our brains. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Treatment ==<br /> There are currently no long-term treatments for patients with anosognosia. Squirting ice cold water into the left ear, however, has been known to temporarily alleviate the unawareness of disability. Most cases of anosognosia seem to disappear over time, while other cases can last indefinitely. Normally, long-term cases are treated with cognitive therapy to train the patient to adjust for their inoperable limbs (though it is believed that these patients still are not &quot;aware&quot; of their disability).</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Anosognosia 2008-04-20T19:38:59Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Anosognosia''' is a neuropsychological condition where a person denies that they are suffering from a disability caused by brain injury, such as blindness or paralysis. The word anosognosia comes from the Greek words &quot;nosos&quot;, meaning disease, and &quot;gnosis&quot;, meaning knowledge. The term was first used by the neurologist [[Joseph Babinski]] in 1914.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Anosognosia for Hemiplegia ==<br /> Anosognosia is a fairly common condition, arising from some form of brain injury, such as a stroke. Anosognosia occurs, at least temporarily, in over 50% of stroke victims who suffer from [[hemiplegia]] (paralysis on the side of the body opposite the stroke). Patients with anosognosia for hemiplegia insist that they can do things like lift both legs, touch their doctor's nose with a finger on their paralyzed side, and walk normally. These patients are much less likely to regain independence after their stroke than patients without anosognosia, primarily because they overestimate their own abilities in unsafe situations.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Treatment ==<br /> There are currently no long-term treatments for patients with anosognosia. Squirting ice cold water into the left ear, however, has been known to temporarily alleviate the unawareness of disability. Most cases of anosognosia seem to disappear over time, while other cases can last indefinitely. Normally, long-term cases are treated with cognitive therapy to train the patient to adjust for their inoperable limbs (though it is believed that these patients still are not &quot;aware&quot; of their disability).</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Anosognosia 2008-04-20T19:37:53Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Anosognosia''' is a neuropsychological condition where a person denies that they are suffering from a disability caused by brain injury, such as blindness or paralysis. The word anosognosia comes from the Greek words &quot;nosos&quot;, meaning disease, and &quot;gnosis&quot;, meaning knowledge. The term was first used by the neurologist [[Joseph Babinski]] in 1914.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Anosognosia for Hemiplegia ==<br /> Anosognosia is a fairly common condition, arising from some form of brain injury, such as a stroke. Anosognosia occurs, at least temporarily, in over 50% of stroke victims who suffer from [[hemiplegia]] (paralysis on the side of the body opposite the stroke). Patients with anosognosia for hemiplegia insist that they can do things like lift both legs, touch their doctor's nose with a finger on their paralyzed side, and walk normally. These patients are much less likely to regain independence after their stroke than patients without anosognosia, primarily because they overestimate their own abilities in unsafe situations.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Treatment ==<br /> There are currently no long-term treatments for patients with anosognosia. Squirting ice cold water into the left ear, however, has been known to temporarily alleviate the unawareness of disability.</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Anosognosia 2008-04-20T19:24:12Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Anosognosia''' is a neuropsychological condition where a person denies that they are suffering from a disability caused by brain injury, such as blindness or paralysis. The word anosognosia comes from the Greek words &quot;nosos&quot;, meaning disease, and &quot;gnosis&quot;, meaning knowledge. The term was first used by the neurologist [[Joseph Babinski]] in 1914.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Anosognosia for Hemiplegia ==<br /> Anosognosia is a fairly common condition, arising from some form of brain injury, such as a stroke. Anosognosia occurs, at least temporarily, in over 50% of stroke victims who suffer from [[hemiplegia]] (paralysis on the side of the body opposite the stroke). Patients with anosognosia for hemiplegia insist that they can do things like lift both legs, touch their doctor's nose with a finger on their paralyzed side, and walk normally. These patients are much less likely to regain independence after their stroke than patients without anosognosia, primarily because they overestimate their own abilities in unsafe situations.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Treatment ==</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Anosognosia 2008-04-20T19:21:20Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Anosognosia''' is a neuropsychological condition where a person denies that they are suffering from a disability caused by brain injury, such as blindness or paralysis. The word anosognosia comes from the Greek words &quot;nosos&quot;, meaning disease, and &quot;gnosis&quot;, meaning knowledge. The term was first used by the neurologist [[Joseph Babinski]] in 1914.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Anosognosia for Hemiplegia ==<br /> Anosognosia is a fairly common condition, arising from some form of brain injury, such as a stroke. Anosognosia occurs, at least temporarily, in over 50% of stroke victims who suffer from [[hemiplegia]] (paralysis on the side of the body opposite the stroke). Patients with anosognosia for hemiplegia insist that they can do things like lift both legs, touch their doctor's nose with a finger on their paralyzed side, and walk normally. These patients are much less likely to regain independence after their stroke than patients without anosognosia, primarily because they overestimate their own abilities in unsafe situations.</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Anosognosia 2008-04-20T19:20:22Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Anosognosia''' is a neuropsychological condition where a person denies that they are suffering from a disability caused by brain injury, such as blindness or paralysis. The word anosognosia comes from the Greek words &quot;nosos&quot;, meaning disease, and &quot;gnosis&quot;, meaning knowledge. The term was first used by the neurologist [[Joseph Babinski]] in 1914.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Anosognosia for Hemiplegia ==<br /> Anosognosia is a fairly common condition, arising from some form of brain injury, such as a stroke. Anosognosia occurs, at least temporarily, in over 50% of stroke victims who suffer from [[hemiplegia]] (paralysis on the side of the body opposite the stroke).</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Anosognosia 2008-04-20T19:09:47Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Anosognosia''' is a neuropsychological condition where a person denies that they are suffering from a disability caused by brain injury, such as blindness or paralysis. The word anosognosia comes from the Greek words &quot;nosos&quot;, meaning disease, and &quot;gnosis&quot;, meaning knowledge. The term was first used by the neurologist [[Joseph Babinski]] in 1914.</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Anosognosia 2008-04-20T19:03:26Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Anosognosia''' is a neuropsychological condition where a person denies that they are suffering from a disability caused by brain injury.</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Broca%27s_area 2008-04-20T17:09:21Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> '''Broca's area''' is the area in the brain that is responsible for speech production, language processing, and language comprehension. Broca's area was first discovered in 1861 by Pierre [[Paul Broca]], after studying the postmortem brain of one of his patients who had a speech impediment.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Broca's area is located in the left frontal lobe, around the opercular and triangular sections of the inferior frontal gyrus. It is connected to Wernicke’s area of the brain by the arcuate fasciculus, which is a pathway made of neurons. (see below).<br /> <br /> [[Image:Broca.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Parts ==<br /> Broca's area contains two main parts: the ''Pars triangularis'' and the ''Pars opercularis''.<br /> <br /> The '''Pars triangularis''' is located in the anterior part of Broca's area. Researchers believe that this area of the brain is responsible for helping the human brain interpret different stimulus modes. It also supports the programming of verbal conducts.<br /> <br /> The '''Pars opercularis''' is located in the posterior part of Broca's area. It is believed that this area supports only one stimulus mode, rather than multiple modes like the Pars triangularis. This portion of Broca’s area is also believed to coordinate the organs used for speech in order to produce language.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Damage to Broca's area ==<br /> If Broca's area is damaged, people will usually suffer from a condition called ''[[Broca's aphasia]]''. This condition is also sometimes called ''expressive aphasia'', ''nonfluent aphasia'', or ''motor aphasia''. Broca's aphasia makes people unable to create sentences that are grammatically complex. In addition, the sentences usually contain very few words related to content. Broca's aphasia is characterized by nonfluent speech, few words, short sentences, and many pauses.<br /> <br /> For example, if a Broca's aphasic was trying to explain how he came to the hospital for dental surgery, it might sound like this:<br /> <br /> &quot;Yes... ah... Monday... er... Dad and Peter H... (his own name), and Dad.... er... hospital... and ah... Wednesday... Wednesday, nine o'clock... and oh... Thursday... ten o'clock, ah doctors... two... an' doctors... and er... teeth... yah.&quot;<br /> <br /> Despite the Broca's aphasic's difficulty in putting together sentences, a person with a damaged Broca's area is generally capable of comprehending language without a problem. Sometimes, however, the person may have difficulty with understanding a few words used in a sentence with complex syntax. These people typically have damage only in the posterior part of Broca's area, a condition called ''[[Wernicke’s aphasia]]''. Those suffering from Wernicke’s aphasia may have somewhat normal speech, though it tends to be vague or even meaningless.</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Broca%27s_area 2008-04-20T16:46:11Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> '''Broca's area''' is the area in the brain that is responsible for speech production, language processing, and language comprehension. Broca's area was first discovered in 1861 by Pierre [[Paul Broca]], after studying the postmortem brain of one of his patients who had a speech impediment.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Broca's area is located in the left frontal lobe, around the opercular and triangular sections of the inferior frontal gyrus. It is connected to Wernicke’s area of the brain by the arcuate fasciculus, which is a pathway made of neurons. (see below).<br /> <br /> [[Image:Broca.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Parts ==<br /> Broca's area contains two main parts: the ''Pars triangularis'' and the ''Pars opercularis''.<br /> <br /> The '''Pars triangularis''' is located in the anterior part of Broca's area. Researchers believe that this area of the brain is responsible for helping the human brain interpret different stimulus modes. It also supports the programming of verbal conducts.<br /> <br /> The '''Pars opercularis''' is located in the posterior part of Broca's area. It is believed that this area supports only one stimulus mode, rather than multiple modes like the Pars triangularis. This portion of Broca’s area is also believed to coordinate the organs used for speech in order to produce language.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Damage to Broca's area ==<br /> If Broca's area is damaged, people will usually suffer from a condition called ''[[Broca's aphasia]]''. This condition is also sometimes called ''expressive aphasia'', ''nonfluent aphasia'', or ''motor aphasia''. Broca's aphasia makes people unable to create sentences that are gramatically complex. In addition, the sentences usually contain very few words related to content. Broca's aphasia is characterized by nonfluent speech, few words, short sentences, and many pauses.<br /> <br /> For example, if a Broca's aphasic was trying to explain how he came to the hospital for dental surgery, it might sound like this:<br /> <br /> &quot;Yes... ah... Monday... er... Dad and Peter H... (his own name), and Dad.... er... hospital... and ah... Wednesday... Wednesday, nine o'clock... and oh... Thursday... ten o'clock, ah doctors... two... an' doctors... and er... teeth... yah.&quot;<br /> <br /> Despite the Broca's aphasic's difficulty in putting together sentences, a person with a damaged Broca's area is generally capable of comprehending language without a problem. Sometimes, however, the person may have difficulty with understanding a few words used in a sentence with complex syntax. These people typically have damage only in the posterior part of Broca's area, a condition called ''[[Wernicke’s aphasia]]''. Those suffering from Wernicke’s aphasia may have somewhat normal speech, though it tends to be vague or even meaningless.</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Broca%27s_area 2008-04-20T16:45:25Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> '''Broca's area''' is the area in the brain that is responsible for speech production, language processing, and language comprehension. Broca's area was first discovered in 1861 by Pierre [[Paul Broca]], after studying the postmortem brain of one of his patients who had a speech impediment.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Broca's area is located in the left frontal lobe, around the opercular and triangular sections of the inferior frontal gyrus. It is connected to Wernicke’s area of the brain by the arcuate fasciculus, which is a pathway made of neurons. (see below).<br /> <br /> [[Image:Broca.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Parts ==<br /> Broca's area contains two main parts: the ''Pars triangularis'' and the ''Pars opercularis''.<br /> <br /> The '''Pars triangularis''' is located in the anterior part of Broca's area. Researchers believe that this area of the brain is responsible for helping the human brain interpret different stimulus modes. It also supports the programming of verbal conducts.<br /> <br /> The '''Pars opercularis''' is located in the posterior part of Broca's area. It is believed that this area supports only one stimulus mode, rather than multiple modes like the Pars triangularis. This portion of Broca’s area is also believed to coordinate the organs used for speech in order to produce language.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Damage to Broca's area ==<br /> If Broca's area is damaged, people will usually suffer from a condition called ''[[Broca's aphasia]]''. This condition is also sometimes called ''expressive aphasia'', ''nonfluent aphasia'', or ''motor aphasia''. Broca's aphasia makes people unable to create sentences that are gramatically complex. In addition, the sentences usually contain very few words related to content. Broca's aphasia is characterized by nonfluent speech, few words, short sentences, and many pauses.<br /> <br /> For example, if a Broca's aphasic was trying to explain how he came to the hospital for dental surgery, it might sound like this:<br /> <br /> &quot;Yes... ah... Monday... er... Dad and Peter H... (his own name), and Dad.... er... hospital... and ah... Wednesday... Wednesday, nine o'clock... and oh... Thursday... ten o'clock, ah doctors... two... an' doctors... and er... teeth... yah.&quot;<br /> <br /> Despite the Broca's aphasic's difficulty in putting together sentences, a person with a damaged Broca's area is generally capable of comprehending language without a problem. Sometimes, however, the person may have difficulty with understanding a few words used in a sentence with complex syntax. These people typically have damage only in the posterior part of Broca's area, a condition called [[Wernicke’s aphasia]]. Those suffering from Wernicke’s aphasia may have somewhat normal speech, though it tends to be vague or even meaningless.</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Broca%27s_area 2008-04-20T16:44:26Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> '''Broca's area''' is the area in the brain that is responsible for speech production, language processing, and language comprehension. Broca's area was first discovered in 1861 by Pierre Paul Broca, after studying the postmortem brain of one of his patients who had a speech impediment.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Broca's area is located in the left frontal lobe, around the opercular and triangular sections of the inferior frontal gyrus. It is connected to Wernicke’s area of the brain by the arcuate fasciculus, which is a pathway made of neurons. (see below).<br /> <br /> [[Image:Broca.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Parts ==<br /> Broca's area contains two main parts: the ''Pars triangularis'' and the ''Pars opercularis''.<br /> <br /> The '''Pars triangularis''' is located in the anterior part of Broca's area. Researchers believe that this area of the brain is responsible for helping the human brain interpret different stimulus modes. It also supports the programming of verbal conducts.<br /> <br /> The '''Pars opercularis''' is located in the posterior part of Broca's area. It is believed that this area supports only one stimulus mode, rather than multiple modes like the Pars triangularis. This portion of Broca’s area is also believed to coordinate the organs used for speech in order to produce language.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Damage to Broca's area ==<br /> If Broca's area is damaged, people will usually suffer from a condition called ''[[Broca's aphasia]]''. This condition is also sometimes called ''expressive aphasia'', ''nonfluent aphasia'', or ''motor aphasia''. Broca's aphasia makes people unable to create sentences that are gramatically complex. In addition, the sentences usually contain very few words related to content. Broca's aphasia is characterized by nonfluent speech, few words, short sentences, and many pauses.<br /> <br /> For example, if a Broca's aphasic was trying to explain how he came to the hospital for dental surgery, it might sound like this:<br /> <br /> &quot;Yes... ah... Monday... er... Dad and Peter H... (his own name), and Dad.... er... hospital... and ah... Wednesday... Wednesday, nine o'clock... and oh... Thursday... ten o'clock, ah doctors... two... an' doctors... and er... teeth... yah.&quot;<br /> <br /> Despite the Broca's aphasic's difficulty in putting together sentences, a person with a damaged Broca's area is generally capable of comprehending language without a problem. Sometimes, however, the person may have difficulty with understanding a few words used in a sentence with complex syntax. These people typically have damage only in the posterior part of Broca's area, a condition called [[Wernicke’s aphasia]]. Those suffering from Wernicke’s aphasia may have somewhat normal speech, though it tends to be vague or even meaningless.</div>

JGasparri http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Broca%27s_area 2008-04-20T16:43:53Z

<p>JGasparri:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> '''Broca's area''' is the area in the brain that is responsible for speech production, language processing, and language comprehension. Broca's area was first discovered in 1861 by Pierre Paul Broca, after studying the postmortem brain of one of his patients who had a speech impediment.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Broca's area is located in the left frontal lobe, around the opercular and triangular sections of the inferior frontal gyrus. It is connected to Wernicke’s area of the brain by the arcuate fasciculus, which is a pathway made of neurons. (see below).<br /> <br /> [[Image:Broca.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Parts ==<br /> Broca's area contains two main parts: the ''Pars triangularis'' and the ''Pars opercularis''.<br /> <br /> The '''Pars triangularis''' is located in the anterior part of Broca's area. Researchers believe that this area of the brain is responsible for helping the human brain interpret different stimulus modes. It also supports the programming of verbal conducts.<br /> <br /> The '''Pars opercularis''' is located in the posterior part of Broca's area. It is believed that this area supports only one stimulus mode, rather than multiple modes like the Pars triangularis. This portion of Broca’s area is also believed to coordinate the organs used for speech in order to produce language.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Damage to Broca's area ==<br /> If Broca's area is damaged, people will usually suffer from a condition called ''[[Broca's aphasia]]''. This condition is also sometimes called ''expressive aphasia'', ''nonfluent aphasia'', or ''motor aphasia''. Broca's aphasia makes people unable to create sentences that are gramatically complex. In addition, the sentences usually contain very few words related to content. Broca's aphasia is characterized by nonfluent speech, few words, short sentences, and many pauses.<br /> <br /> For example, if a Broca's aphasic was trying to explain how he came to the hospital for dental surgery, it might sound like this:<br /> <br /> &quot;Yes... ah... Monday... er... Dad and Peter H... (his own name), and Dad.... er... hospital... and ah... Wednesday... Wednesday, nine o'clock... and oh... Thursday... ten o'clock, ah doctors... two... an' doctors... and er... teeth... yah.&quot;<br /> <br /> Despite the Broca's aphasic's difficulty in putting together sentences, a person with a damaged Broca's area is generally capable of comprehending language without a problem. Sometimes, however, the person may have difficulty with understanding a few words used in a sentence with complex syntax. These people typically have damage only in the posterior part of Broca's area, a condition called Wernicke’s aphasia. Those suffering from Wernicke’s aphasia may have somewhat normal speech, though it tends to be vague or even meaningless.</div>

JGasparri