http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/?feed=atom&target=Iaitles&title=Special%3AContributions 2026-10-02T19:33:57Z From Psy3241 MediaWiki 1.15.1 http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Giraud_et_al._(2001) 2008-04-23T01:50:27Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Plasticity Symposium]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> == Cross-Modal Plasticity Underpins Clinical Study Language Recovery after Cochlear Implantation ==<br /> <br /> Basically, in this study the cochlear implants restored hearing to the deaf participants by stimulating the auditory nerve with about sixteen electrodes. Cochlear patients must work hard to hear, mainly because their sound signal is usually deteriorated. After the procedure the patients take a while to get accustomed to their new hearing devices. Ultimately, they become good at hearing speech and their visual cortex is activated with sound. <br /> [http://blackboard.rollins.edu/courses/1/10301.PSY324.1.200801/content/_175427_1/Giraud_2001_Human_cochlear_implant_Neuron.pdf Link to the actual article by Giraud et al.]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> [[Image:Implant_works.jpg]]</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Giraud_et_al._(2001) 2008-04-23T01:49:55Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Plasticity Symposium]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> == Cross-Modal Plasticity Underpins Clinical Study Language Recovery after Cochlear Implantation ==<br /> <br /> Basically, in this study the cochlear implants restored hearing to the deaf participants by stimulating the auditory nerve with about sixteen electrodes. Cochlear patients must work hard to hear, mainly because their sound signal is usually deteriorated. After the procedure the patients take a while to get accustomed to their new hearing devices. Ultimately, they become good at hearing speech and their visual cortex is activated with sound. <br /> [http://blackboard.rollins.edu/courses/1/10301.PSY324.1.200801/content/_175427_1/Giraud_2001_Human_cochlear_implant_Neuron.pdf Link to the actual article by Giraud et al.]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> [[Image:Implant_works.jpg]]</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/File:Implant_works.jpg 2008-04-23T01:49:23Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div></div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Corpus_callosum 2008-04-23T01:46:14Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;/* Close-up Sagittal Section of Hemisphere */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> The '''corpus callosum''' (Latin for “tough body”) is a broad, thick bundle of nerve fibers in the entire nervous system, running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers. If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum.<br /> <br /> If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum. When looking at the middle side of one half of the brain, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the corpus callosum looks like a section of a mushroom cap located at the center of the brain. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zOa3LLrHKc Video of Corpus callosum]<br /> ----<br /> [[Image:Col.gif]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Development ==<br /> In a healthy infant’s brain, the corpus callosum develops between 12 to 16 weeks after conception. The fibers of the corpus callosum continue to become more and more effective into adolescence. By the time a child is around the age of 12 years, the corpus callosum functions will in adulthood, allowing rapid interaction between the two sides of the brain. From this age on the corpus callosum becomes increasingly functional in their typically developing children.<br /> ----<br /> == Close-up Sagittal Section of Hemisphere ==<br /> [[Image:Bbb.gif]]<br /> <br /> 1.)Rostrum of corpus callosum <br /> 2.)Genu of corpus callosum <br /> 3.)Body of corpus callosum <br /> 4.)Splenium of corpus callosum <br /> 5.)Septum pellucidum <br /> 6.)Anterior commissure <br /> 7.)Fornix <br /> 8.)[[Hippocampus]] <br /> 9.)Cingulate gyrus <br /> 10.)Paraterminal gyrus <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> The Anatomy Project, (2000). Close-up Sagittal Section of Hemisphere. Retrieved April 19, 2008, from Medical Gross Anatomy Web site: http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/atlas/n1a5p8.html <br /> <br /> Hubel, D. H (2006). THE CORPUS CALLOSUM. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Eye, Brain, and Vision Web site: http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/b34.htm <br /> <br /> NODCC, (2006). What is the Corpus Callosum? . Retrieved April 21, 2008, from National Organization for Disorders in the CorpusCallosum Web site: http://www.nodcc.org/what_is_the_corpus_callosum.php <br /> <br /> ----</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Giraud_et_al._(2001) 2008-04-23T01:44:45Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;/* Summary on Cross-Modal Plasticity Underpins Clinical Study Language Recovery after Cochlear Implantation */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Plasticity Symposium]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> == Cross-Modal Plasticity Underpins Clinical Study Language Recovery after Cochlear Implantation ==<br /> <br /> Basically, in this study the cochlear implants restored hearing to the deaf participants by stimulating the auditory nerve with about sixteen electrodes. Cochlear patients must work hard to hear, mainly because their sound signal is usually deteriorated. After the procedure the patients take a while to get accustomed to their new hearing devices. Ultimately, they become good at hearing speech and their visual cortex is activated with sound. <br /> [http://blackboard.rollins.edu/courses/1/10301.PSY324.1.200801/content/_175427_1/Giraud_2001_Human_cochlear_implant_Neuron.pdf Link to the actual article by Giraud et al.]</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Giraud_et_al._(2001) 2008-04-23T01:44:11Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Plasticity Symposium]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Summary on Cross-Modal Plasticity Underpins Clinical Study Language Recovery after Cochlear Implantation ==<br /> <br /> Basically, in this study the cochlear implants restored hearing to the deaf participants by stimulating the auditory nerve with about sixteen electrodes. Cochlear patients must work hard to hear, mainly because their sound signal is usually deteriorated. After the procedure the patients take a while to get accustomed to their new hearing devices. Ultimately, they become good at hearing speech and their visual cortex is activated with sound. <br /> [http://blackboard.rollins.edu/courses/1/10301.PSY324.1.200801/content/_175427_1/Giraud_2001_Human_cochlear_implant_Neuron.pdf Link to the actual article by Giraud et al.]</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Giraud_et_al._(2001) 2008-04-23T01:43:32Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;/* Summary */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Plasticity Symposium]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Summary on Cross-Modal Plasticity Underpins Clinical Study<br /> Language Recovery after<br /> Cochlear Implantation ==<br /> Basically, in this study the cochlear implants restored hearing to the deaf participants by stimulating the auditory nerve with about sixteen electrodes. Cochlear patients must work hard to hear, mainly because their sound signal is usually deteriorated. After the procedure the patients take a while to get accustomed to their new hearing devices. Ultimately, they become good at hearing speech and their visual cortex is activated with sound. <br /> [http://blackboard.rollins.edu/courses/1/10301.PSY324.1.200801/content/_175427_1/Giraud_2001_Human_cochlear_implant_Neuron.pdf Link to the actual article by Giraud et al.]</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Giraud_et_al._(2001) 2008-04-23T01:40:17Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;/* Summary */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Plasticity Symposium]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> Basically, in this study the cochlear implants restored hearing to the deaf participants by stimulating the auditory nerve with about sixteen electrodes. Cochlear patients must work hard to hear, mainly because their sound signal is usually deteriorated. After the procedure the patients take a while to get accustomed to their new hearing devices. Ultimately, they become good at hearing speech and their visual cortex is activated with sound. <br /> [http://blackboard.rollins.edu/courses/1/10301.PSY324.1.200801/content/_175427_1/Giraud_2001_Human_cochlear_implant_Neuron.pdf Link to the actual article by Giraud et al.]</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Giraud_et_al._(2001) 2008-04-23T01:37:51Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;/* Summary */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Plasticity Symposium]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Summary ==<br /> [http://blackboard.rollins.edu/courses/1/10301.PSY324.1.200801/content/_175427_1/Giraud_2001_Human_cochlear_implant_Neuron.pdf Link to the actual article by Giraud et al.]</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Giraud_et_al._(2001) 2008-04-23T01:26:28Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Plasticity Symposium]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Summary ==</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Parkinson%27s_Disease 2008-04-21T22:15:24Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Parkinson's disease''' <br /> Also called: Paralysis agitans, Shaking palsy<br /> Parkinson's disease (PD) affects neurons in the part of the brain that controls muscle movement. PD belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders. These disorders are categorized by the loss of neurons that make dopamine (chemical that sends signals to create movement). These cells either die or do not work properly. Symptoms of PD include:<br /> <br /> -tremors or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face<br /> -stiffness of the limbs and trunk<br /> -movement slows<br /> -posture instable, impaired balance and coordination<br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkqHih3ug2g Video of PARKINSON'S DISEASE]<br /> <br /> Other symptoms may include:<br /> <br /> -depression and other emotional changes<br /> -difficulty in swallowing<br /> -chewing<br /> -speaking<br /> -urinary problems or constipation<br /> -skin problems<br /> -disrupted sleep cycle<br /> <br /> These symptoms cause one to have trouble walking, talking and interfere with many other daily activities. Though it usually starts to affect people over 50 symptoms may start earlier. Early symptoms are subtle but progress over time, varying between patients.</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Parkinson%27s_Disease 2008-04-21T22:15:02Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Parkinson's disease''' <br /> Also called: Paralysis agitans, Shaking palsy<br /> Parkinson's disease (PD) affects neurons in the part of the brain that controls muscle movement. PD belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders. These disorders are categorized by the loss of neurons that make dopamine (chemical that sends signals to create movement). These cells either die or do not work properly. Symptoms of PD include:<br /> <br /> -tremors or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face<br /> -stiffness of the limbs and trunk<br /> -movement slows<br /> -posture instable, impaired balance and coordination<br /> <br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkqHih3ug2g Video of PARKINSON'S DISEASE]<br /> Other symptoms may include:<br /> <br /> -depression and other emotional changes<br /> -difficulty in swallowing<br /> -chewing<br /> -speaking<br /> -urinary problems or constipation<br /> -skin problems<br /> -disrupted sleep cycle<br /> <br /> These symptoms cause one to have trouble walking, talking and interfere with many other daily activities. Though it usually starts to affect people over 50 symptoms may start earlier. Early symptoms are subtle but progress over time, varying between patients.</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Parkinson%27s_Disease 2008-04-21T22:14:33Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Parkinson's disease''' <br /> Also called: Paralysis agitans, Shaking palsy<br /> Parkinson's disease (PD) affects neurons in the part of the brain that controls muscle movement. PD belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders. These disorders are categorized by the loss of neurons that make dopamine (chemical that sends signals to create movement). These cells either die or do not work properly. Symptoms of PD include:<br /> <br /> -tremors or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face<br /> -stiffness of the limbs and trunk<br /> -movement slows<br /> -posture instable, impaired balance and coordination<br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkqHih3ug2g Video of PARKINSON'S DISEASE]<br /> Other symptoms may include:<br /> <br /> -depression and other emotional changes<br /> -difficulty in swallowing<br /> -chewing<br /> -speaking<br /> -urinary problems or constipation<br /> -skin problems<br /> -disrupted sleep cycle<br /> <br /> These symptoms cause one to have trouble walking, talking and interfere with many other daily activities. Though it usually starts to affect people over 50 symptoms may start earlier. Early symptoms are subtle but progress over time, varying between patients.</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Gerstmann%27s_syndrome 2008-04-21T22:12:01Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Gerstmann’s syndrome is a neurological disorder named after the Austrian neurologist, Josef Gerstmann. This disorder is not unique to itself but instead is classified by four primary syndromes that include a writing disability, a lack of understanding of the rules for calculation or arithmetic, inability in distinguishing right from left, and the inability to identify fingers. Other possible symptoms include the difficulty in expressing oneself while speaking, reading and writing, and understanding speech, which is known as aphasia. <br /> <br /> Gerstmann’s syndrome is mainly caused either by a stroke or damage to the brain in the parietal lobe on the dominant side at the angular gyrus. In adults, this syndrome will decrease overtime but for children the chance of the symptoms decreasing in severity is less likely. This is because of the syndrome occurring from congenital or learning disorders in the children. Also there are no treatments for Gerstmann’s syndrome at this time. <br /> <br /> The first main symptom is agraphia, which is a writing disability. This is usually diagnosed by illegible or very poor writing, inconsistencies in forming letters, mixture of upper and lower case letters, mixture between print and cursory writing, irregular letter sizes and shapes, and unfinished letters.<br /> <br /> Acalculia is the lack of understanding of the rules for calculation or arithmetic. To test the patient a task of serial subtraction of 7 from 100 is to be completed. This means they start at 100 and count down to 93, 86, 79, 72, etc. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Q7WV2Jgri8 Video about Acalculia]<br /> <br /> Finger agnosia is the inability to identify fingers on the hand. This is tested by asking the patient to use a specific finger to touch another specific finger or other various body parts. An example would be to use your right index finger to touch your nose.<br /> <br /> The last symptom is left-right disorientation, which is the confusion between your left and right limbs. This is important as it shows there is a lesion in the dominant parietal lobe. Tests for left-right disorientation involve the patient being asked questions involving left and right body parts and whether they can accurately obey the commands.</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Broca%27s_aphasia 2008-04-21T22:07:42Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;/* Characteristics of Broca's Aphasia */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Etiology ==<br /> After a post-mortem autopsy of patient “Tan” (nicknamed for the only sound he could successfully utter), Paul Broca discovered damage to the left posterior frontal gyrus (more specifically, the posterior surface of the third frontal gyrus). This discovery, made in 1861, lead Broca to conclude that Tan’s lesion covered an area of the brain important for speech production.<br /> <br /> == Characteristics of Broca's Aphasia ==<br /> Because the central feature of this aphasia involves difficulty producing coherent speech, alternative names include expressive or non-fluent aphasia.<br /> “Telegraphic Speech” is often used to categorize Broca’s aphasics, since their speech is deliberate, slow, and marked by several pauses.<br /> The difficulties in their speech patterns often transfer into a comparable writing deficiency, suggesting that the problem is not related to physical muscle-movements associated with language production.<br /> Prepositions, conjunctions, and other relational words are often omitted from speech, so Broca’s aphasics utilize a very simple grammatical structure, producing only the most basic of sentences. <br /> Interestingly, personal catchphrases and emotional expressions are often stated quickly and clearly, which may point to processing in other areas of the brain for some language functions.<br /> Generally speaking, Broca’s aphasics retain comprehension skills and have an understanding of their condition. However, there is some evidence that Broca’s aphasics are impaired in their understanding of 3-step processes, complex language input, and numbers or symbols.<br /> The lesion that causes Broca’s aphasia may also lead to a paralyzed right hand, paralysis of the right arm, right-sided sensory loss and, in rare cases, a visual-field defect. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2IiMEbMnPM Video of Broca's aphasia]<br /> <br /> == Relevant Articles/Case Presentations ==</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Broca%27s_area 2008-04-21T22:00:01Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;/* Description */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> '''Broca's area''' is the area in the brain that is responsible for speech production, language processing, and language comprehension. Broca's area was first discovered in 1861 by Pierre [[Paul Broca]], after studying the postmortem brain of one of his patients who had a speech impediment.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Broca's area is located in the left frontal lobe, around the opercular and triangular sections of the inferior frontal gyrus. It is connected to Wernicke’s area of the brain by the arcuate fasciculus, which is a pathway made of neurons. (see below).<br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuPeOKeCxu8 Broca's area video]<br /> <br /> [[Image:Broca.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == Parts ==<br /> Broca's area contains two main parts: the ''Pars triangularis'' and the ''Pars opercularis''.<br /> <br /> The '''Pars triangularis''' is located in the anterior part of Broca's area. Researchers believe that this area of the brain is responsible for helping the human brain interpret different stimulus modes. It also supports the programming of verbal conducts.<br /> <br /> The '''Pars opercularis''' is located in the posterior part of Broca's area. It is believed that this area supports only one stimulus mode, rather than multiple modes like the Pars triangularis. This portion of Broca’s area is also believed to coordinate the organs used for speech in order to produce language.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Damage to Broca's area ==<br /> If Broca's area is damaged, people will usually suffer from a condition called ''[[Broca's aphasia]]''. This condition is also sometimes called ''expressive aphasia'', ''nonfluent aphasia'', or ''motor aphasia''. Broca's aphasia makes people unable to create sentences that are grammatically complex. In addition, the sentences usually contain very few words related to content. Broca's aphasia is characterized by nonfluent speech, few words, short sentences, and many pauses.<br /> <br /> For example, if a Broca's aphasic was trying to explain how he came to the hospital for dental surgery, it might sound like this:<br /> <br /> &quot;Yes... ah... Monday... er... Dad and Peter H... (his own name), and Dad.... er... hospital... and ah... Wednesday... Wednesday, nine o'clock... and oh... Thursday... ten o'clock, ah doctors... two... an' doctors... and er... teeth... yah.&quot;<br /> <br /> Despite the Broca's aphasic's difficulty in putting together sentences, a person with a damaged Broca's area is generally capable of comprehending language without a problem. Sometimes, however, the person may have difficulty with understanding a few words used in a sentence with complex syntax. These people typically have damage only in the posterior part of Broca's area, a condition called ''[[Wernicke’s aphasia]]''. Those suffering from Wernicke’s aphasia may have somewhat normal speech, though it tends to be vague or even meaningless.</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Broca%27s_area 2008-04-21T21:58:30Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;/* Description */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> '''Broca's area''' is the area in the brain that is responsible for speech production, language processing, and language comprehension. Broca's area was first discovered in 1861 by Pierre [[Paul Broca]], after studying the postmortem brain of one of his patients who had a speech impediment.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Broca's area is located in the left frontal lobe, around the opercular and triangular sections of the inferior frontal gyrus. It is connected to Wernicke’s area of the brain by the arcuate fasciculus, which is a pathway made of neurons. (see below).<br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuPeOKeCxu8 Broca's area video]<br /> [[Image:Broca.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == Parts ==<br /> Broca's area contains two main parts: the ''Pars triangularis'' and the ''Pars opercularis''.<br /> <br /> The '''Pars triangularis''' is located in the anterior part of Broca's area. Researchers believe that this area of the brain is responsible for helping the human brain interpret different stimulus modes. It also supports the programming of verbal conducts.<br /> <br /> The '''Pars opercularis''' is located in the posterior part of Broca's area. It is believed that this area supports only one stimulus mode, rather than multiple modes like the Pars triangularis. This portion of Broca’s area is also believed to coordinate the organs used for speech in order to produce language.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Damage to Broca's area ==<br /> If Broca's area is damaged, people will usually suffer from a condition called ''[[Broca's aphasia]]''. This condition is also sometimes called ''expressive aphasia'', ''nonfluent aphasia'', or ''motor aphasia''. Broca's aphasia makes people unable to create sentences that are grammatically complex. In addition, the sentences usually contain very few words related to content. Broca's aphasia is characterized by nonfluent speech, few words, short sentences, and many pauses.<br /> <br /> For example, if a Broca's aphasic was trying to explain how he came to the hospital for dental surgery, it might sound like this:<br /> <br /> &quot;Yes... ah... Monday... er... Dad and Peter H... (his own name), and Dad.... er... hospital... and ah... Wednesday... Wednesday, nine o'clock... and oh... Thursday... ten o'clock, ah doctors... two... an' doctors... and er... teeth... yah.&quot;<br /> <br /> Despite the Broca's aphasic's difficulty in putting together sentences, a person with a damaged Broca's area is generally capable of comprehending language without a problem. Sometimes, however, the person may have difficulty with understanding a few words used in a sentence with complex syntax. These people typically have damage only in the posterior part of Broca's area, a condition called ''[[Wernicke’s aphasia]]''. Those suffering from Wernicke’s aphasia may have somewhat normal speech, though it tends to be vague or even meaningless.</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Basal_ganglia 2008-04-21T21:55:39Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> The basal ganglia are a collection of nuclei found on both sides of the thalamus, outside and above the limbic system, below the cingulate gyrus, and within the temporal lobes. The basal ganglia are associated with movement, cognition, emotions, and learning. There are two sets of basal ganglia in the brain, one in the right hemisphere and one in the left. The basal ganglia are comprised of a series of circuits that project to specific nuclei within the basal ganglia. The largest group of these nuclei is called the corpus striatum. The corpus striatum is made up of the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the globus pallidus, and the nucleus accumbens.<br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EluAk9NWOJI Basal ganglia video]<br /> <br /> The caudate nucleus sends messages to the frontal lobe and is responsible for informing one that something is not right and that one should formulate a proper action to fix the problem. Obsessive compulsive disorder is a result of an overactive caudate, whereas ADD, depression, and lethargy are all results of an underactive caudate. The putamen is involved in coordinating automatic behaviors such as riding a bike. The globus pallidus receives inputs from the caudate and putamen and provides outputs to the substantia nigra which acts to facilitate the movement. The globus pallidus consists of two parts, globus pallidus externa and globus pallidus interna. Globus pallidus interna specifically deals with inhibiting all movements one will not do and defining the amplitude of the movement. The nucleus accumbens receives input signals in the form of dopamine from the prefrontal cortex and sends signals back through the globus pallidus.<br /> <br /> The basal ganglia are responsible for all ballistic movements. Ballistic movements are open loop movements with no necessarily defined endpoint. These movements also help to modify voluntary movements. The basal ganglia select the movement by considering all possibilities and suppressing all but one, and scale the movement by regulating its amplitude. The motor functions of a human greatly rely upon the corpus striatum because it is the main input zone for other brain areas to connect to the basal ganglia. The circuit begins in the motor cortex which sends input to the basal ganglia via the striatum, then to the motor regions of the thalamus, and back to the motor cortex. What the motor cortex sends to the spinal cord depends on what occurs during the loop. In short, the basal ganglia inhibit the thalamus which in turn excites the cortex, causing movement. Inside the basal ganglia are two circuits. The first, the Direct Pathway, facilitates movement by disinhibition or inhibiting the inhibition. The Indirect Pathway discourages movement by inhibiting the globus pallidus externa, which inhibits the globus pallidus interna, which finally inhibits the thalamus which would have sent neurotransmitters to the motor cortex (inhibiting the disinhibition). <br /> <br /> The substantia nigra is a very important part of the basal ganglia circuit because it releases dopamine which is a key toward facilitating the actual movement. It facilitates movement by releasing dopamine that excites the direct pathway and inhibits the indirect pathway. If the substantia nigra is damaged, one loses that ability to excite the direct pathway and inhibit the indirect pathway. In other words, one would lose the ability to amplify any movement one would like to make and inhibit any movement one would not like to make. Thus, both pathways are virtually dependent upon the substantia nigra.<br /> <br /> Lesions in specific nuclei of the basal ganglia produce specific deficits. The most famous of which is Parkinson’s Disease which is the slow and pervasive loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. The symptoms of this disease are tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Huntington’s disease is another example. This disease results from the degeneration of the caudate and putamen and produces continuous movements of the face and limbs.</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Corpus_callosum 2008-04-21T21:42:42Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> The '''corpus callosum''' (Latin for “tough body”) is a broad, thick bundle of nerve fibers in the entire nervous system, running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers. If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum.<br /> <br /> If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum. When looking at the middle side of one half of the brain, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the corpus callosum looks like a section of a mushroom cap located at the center of the brain. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zOa3LLrHKc Video of Corpus callosum]<br /> ----<br /> [[Image:Col.gif]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Development ==<br /> In a healthy infant’s brain, the corpus callosum develops between 12 to 16 weeks after conception. The fibers of the corpus callosum continue to become more and more effective into adolescence. By the time a child is around the age of 12 years, the corpus callosum functions will in adulthood, allowing rapid interaction between the two sides of the brain. From this age on the corpus callosum becomes increasingly functional in their typically developing children.<br /> ----<br /> == Close-up Sagittal Section of Hemisphere ==<br /> [[Image:Bbb.gif]]<br /> <br /> 1.)Rostrum of corpus callosum <br /> 2.)Genu of corpus callosum <br /> 3.)Body of corpus callosum <br /> 4.)Splenium of corpus callosum <br /> 5.)Septum pellucidum <br /> 6.)Anterior commissure <br /> 7.)Fornix <br /> 8.)Hippocampus <br /> 9.)Cingulate gyrus <br /> 10.)Paraterminal gyrus <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> The Anatomy Project, (2000). Close-up Sagittal Section of Hemisphere. Retrieved April 19, 2008, from Medical Gross Anatomy Web site: http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/atlas/n1a5p8.html <br /> <br /> Hubel, D. H (2006). THE CORPUS CALLOSUM. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Eye, Brain, and Vision Web site: http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/b34.htm <br /> <br /> NODCC, (2006). What is the Corpus Callosum? . Retrieved April 21, 2008, from National Organization for Disorders in the CorpusCallosum Web site: http://www.nodcc.org/what_is_the_corpus_callosum.php <br /> <br /> ----</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Corpus_callosum 2008-04-21T21:41:49Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> The '''corpus callosum''' (Latin for “tough body”) is a broad, thick bundle of nerve fibers in the entire nervous system, running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers. If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum.<br /> <br /> If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum. When looking at the middle side of one half of the brain, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the corpus callosum looks like a section of a mushroom cap located at the center of the brain. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zOa3LLrHKc Video Corpus callosum]<br /> ----<br /> [[Image:Col.gif]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Development ==<br /> In a healthy infant’s brain, the corpus callosum develops between 12 to 16 weeks after conception. The fibers of the corpus callosum continue to become more and more effective into adolescence. By the time a child is around the age of 12 years, the corpus callosum functions will in adulthood, allowing rapid interaction between the two sides of the brain. From this age on the corpus callosum becomes increasingly functional in their typically developing children.<br /> ----<br /> == Close-up Sagittal Section of Hemisphere ==<br /> [[Image:Bbb.gif]]<br /> <br /> 1.)Rostrum of corpus callosum <br /> 2.)Genu of corpus callosum <br /> 3.)Body of corpus callosum <br /> 4.)Splenium of corpus callosum <br /> 5.)Septum pellucidum <br /> 6.)Anterior commissure <br /> 7.)Fornix <br /> 8.)Hippocampus <br /> 9.)Cingulate gyrus <br /> 10.)Paraterminal gyrus <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> The Anatomy Project, (2000). Close-up Sagittal Section of Hemisphere. Retrieved April 19, 2008, from Medical Gross Anatomy Web site: http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/atlas/n1a5p8.html <br /> <br /> Hubel, D. H (2006). THE CORPUS CALLOSUM. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Eye, Brain, and Vision Web site: http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/b34.htm <br /> <br /> NODCC, (2006). What is the Corpus Callosum? . Retrieved April 21, 2008, from National Organization for Disorders in the CorpusCallosum Web site: http://www.nodcc.org/what_is_the_corpus_callosum.php <br /> <br /> ----</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Corpus_callosum 2008-04-21T21:39:43Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> The '''corpus callosum''' (Latin for “tough body”) is a broad, thick bundle of nerve fibers in the entire nervous system, running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers. If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum.<br /> <br /> If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum. When looking at the middle side of one half of the brain, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the corpus callosum looks like a section of a mushroom cap located at the center of the brain. <br /> ----<br /> [[Image:Col.gif]]<br /> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zOa3LLrHKc Video Corpus callosum]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Development ==<br /> In a healthy infant’s brain, the corpus callosum develops between 12 to 16 weeks after conception. The fibers of the corpus callosum continue to become more and more effective into adolescence. By the time a child is around the age of 12 years, the corpus callosum functions will in adulthood, allowing rapid interaction between the two sides of the brain. From this age on the corpus callosum becomes increasingly functional in their typically developing children.<br /> ----<br /> == Close-up Sagittal Section of Hemisphere ==<br /> [[Image:Bbb.gif]]<br /> <br /> 1.)Rostrum of corpus callosum <br /> 2.)Genu of corpus callosum <br /> 3.)Body of corpus callosum <br /> 4.)Splenium of corpus callosum <br /> 5.)Septum pellucidum <br /> 6.)Anterior commissure <br /> 7.)Fornix <br /> 8.)Hippocampus <br /> 9.)Cingulate gyrus <br /> 10.)Paraterminal gyrus <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> The Anatomy Project, (2000). Close-up Sagittal Section of Hemisphere. Retrieved April 19, 2008, from Medical Gross Anatomy Web site: http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/atlas/n1a5p8.html <br /> <br /> Hubel, D. H (2006). THE CORPUS CALLOSUM. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Eye, Brain, and Vision Web site: http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/b34.htm <br /> <br /> NODCC, (2006). What is the Corpus Callosum? . Retrieved April 21, 2008, from National Organization for Disorders in the CorpusCallosum Web site: http://www.nodcc.org/what_is_the_corpus_callosum.php <br /> <br /> ----</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Corpus_callosum 2008-04-21T21:35:13Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> The '''corpus callosum''' (Latin for “tough body”) is a broad, thick bundle of nerve fibers in the entire nervous system, running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers. If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum.<br /> <br /> If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum. When looking at the middle side of one half of the brain, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the corpus callosum looks like a section of a mushroom cap located at the center of the brain. <br /> ----<br /> [[Image:Col.gif]]<br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Development ==<br /> In a healthy infant’s brain, the corpus callosum develops between 12 to 16 weeks after conception. The fibers of the corpus callosum continue to become more and more effective into adolescence. By the time a child is around the age of 12 years, the corpus callosum functions will in adulthood, allowing rapid interaction between the two sides of the brain. From this age on the corpus callosum becomes increasingly functional in their typically developing children.<br /> ----<br /> == Close-up Sagittal Section of Hemisphere ==<br /> [[Image:Bbb.gif]]<br /> <br /> 1.)Rostrum of corpus callosum <br /> 2.)Genu of corpus callosum <br /> 3.)Body of corpus callosum <br /> 4.)Splenium of corpus callosum <br /> 5.)Septum pellucidum <br /> 6.)Anterior commissure <br /> 7.)Fornix <br /> 8.)Hippocampus <br /> 9.)Cingulate gyrus <br /> 10.)Paraterminal gyrus <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> The Anatomy Project, (2000). Close-up Sagittal Section of Hemisphere. Retrieved April 19, 2008, from Medical Gross Anatomy Web site: http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/atlas/n1a5p8.html <br /> <br /> Hubel, D. H (2006). THE CORPUS CALLOSUM. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Eye, Brain, and Vision Web site: http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/b34.htm <br /> <br /> NODCC, (2006). What is the Corpus Callosum? . Retrieved April 21, 2008, from National Organization for Disorders in the CorpusCallosum Web site: http://www.nodcc.org/what_is_the_corpus_callosum.php <br /> <br /> ----</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Corpus_callosum 2008-04-21T19:46:04Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;/* References */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> The '''corpus callosum''' (Latin for “tough body”) is a broad, thick bundle of nerve fibers in the entire nervous system, running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers. If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum.<br /> <br /> If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum. When looking at the middle side of one half of the brain, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the corpus callosum looks like a section of a mushroom cap located at the center of the brain. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Image:Col.gif]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Development ==<br /> In a healthy infant’s brain, the corpus callosum develops between 12 to 16 weeks after conception. The fibers of the corpus callosum continue to become more and more effective into adolescence. By the time a child is around the age of 12 years, the corpus callosum functions will in adulthood, allowing rapid interaction between the two sides of the brain. From this age on the corpus callosum becomes increasingly functional in their typically developing children.<br /> ----<br /> == Close-up Sagittal Section of Hemisphere ==<br /> [[Image:Bbb.gif]]<br /> <br /> 1.)Rostrum of corpus callosum <br /> 2.)Genu of corpus callosum <br /> 3.)Body of corpus callosum <br /> 4.)Splenium of corpus callosum <br /> 5.)Septum pellucidum <br /> 6.)Anterior commissure <br /> 7.)Fornix <br /> 8.)Hippocampus <br /> 9.)Cingulate gyrus <br /> 10.)Paraterminal gyrus <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> The Anatomy Project, (2000). Close-up Sagittal Section of Hemisphere. Retrieved April 19, 2008, from Medical Gross Anatomy Web site: http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/atlas/n1a5p8.html <br /> <br /> Hubel, D. H (2006). THE CORPUS CALLOSUM. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Eye, Brain, and Vision Web site: http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/b34.htm <br /> <br /> NODCC, (2006). What is the Corpus Callosum? . Retrieved April 21, 2008, from National Organization for Disorders in the CorpusCallosum Web site: http://www.nodcc.org/what_is_the_corpus_callosum.php <br /> <br /> ----</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Corpus_callosum 2008-04-21T19:42:17Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;/* Close-up Sagittal Section of Hemisphere */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> The '''corpus callosum''' (Latin for “tough body”) is a broad, thick bundle of nerve fibers in the entire nervous system, running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers. If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum.<br /> <br /> If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum. When looking at the middle side of one half of the brain, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the corpus callosum looks like a section of a mushroom cap located at the center of the brain. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Image:Col.gif]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Development ==<br /> In a healthy infant’s brain, the corpus callosum develops between 12 to 16 weeks after conception. The fibers of the corpus callosum continue to become more and more effective into adolescence. By the time a child is around the age of 12 years, the corpus callosum functions will in adulthood, allowing rapid interaction between the two sides of the brain. From this age on the corpus callosum becomes increasingly functional in their typically developing children.<br /> ----<br /> == Close-up Sagittal Section of Hemisphere ==<br /> [[Image:Bbb.gif]]<br /> <br /> 1.)Rostrum of corpus callosum <br /> 2.)Genu of corpus callosum <br /> 3.)Body of corpus callosum <br /> 4.)Splenium of corpus callosum <br /> 5.)Septum pellucidum <br /> 6.)Anterior commissure <br /> 7.)Fornix <br /> 8.)Hippocampus <br /> 9.)Cingulate gyrus <br /> 10.)Paraterminal gyrus <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> Hubel, D. H (2006). THE CORPUS CALLOSUM. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Eye, Brain, and Vision Web site: http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/b34.htm <br /> <br /> NODCC, (2006). What is the Corpus Callosum? . Retrieved April 21, 2008, from National Organization for Disorders in the CorpusCallosum Web site: http://www.nodcc.org/what_is_the_corpus_callosum.php <br /> <br /> ----</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Corpus_callosum 2008-04-21T19:41:15Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> The '''corpus callosum''' (Latin for “tough body”) is a broad, thick bundle of nerve fibers in the entire nervous system, running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers. If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum.<br /> <br /> If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum. When looking at the middle side of one half of the brain, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the corpus callosum looks like a section of a mushroom cap located at the center of the brain. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Image:Col.gif]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Development ==<br /> In a healthy infant’s brain, the corpus callosum develops between 12 to 16 weeks after conception. The fibers of the corpus callosum continue to become more and more effective into adolescence. By the time a child is around the age of 12 years, the corpus callosum functions will in adulthood, allowing rapid interaction between the two sides of the brain. From this age on the corpus callosum becomes increasingly functional in their typically developing children.<br /> ----<br /> == Close-up Sagittal Section of Hemisphere ==<br /> [[Image:Bbb.gif]]<br /> 1.Rostrum of corpus callosum <br /> 2.Genu of corpus callosum <br /> 3.Body of corpus callosum <br /> 4.Splenium of corpus callosum <br /> 5.Septum pellucidum <br /> 6.Anterior commissure <br /> 7.Fornix <br /> 8.Hippocampus <br /> 9.Cingulate gyrus <br /> 10.Paraterminal gyrus <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> Hubel, D. H (2006). THE CORPUS CALLOSUM. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Eye, Brain, and Vision Web site: http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/b34.htm <br /> <br /> NODCC, (2006). What is the Corpus Callosum? . Retrieved April 21, 2008, from National Organization for Disorders in the CorpusCallosum Web site: http://www.nodcc.org/what_is_the_corpus_callosum.php <br /> <br /> ----</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Corpus_callosum 2008-04-21T19:39:57Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;/* Close-up Sagittal Section of Hemisphere */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> The '''corpus callosum''' (Latin for “tough body”) is a broad, thick bundle of nerve fibers in the entire nervous system, running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers. If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum.<br /> <br /> If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum. When looking at the middle side of one half of the brain, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the corpus callosum looks like a section of a mushroom cap located at the center of the brain. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Image:Col.gif]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Development ==<br /> In a healthy infant’s brain, the corpus callosum develops between 12 to 16 weeks after conception. The fibers of the corpus callosum continue to become more and more effective into adolescence. By the time a child is around the age of 12 years, the corpus callosum functions will in adulthood, allowing rapid interaction between the two sides of the brain. From this age on the corpus callosum becomes increasingly functional in their typically developing children.<br /> ----<br /> [[Image:Bbb.gif]]<br /> ----<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> Hubel, D. H (2006). THE CORPUS CALLOSUM. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Eye, Brain, and Vision Web site: http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/b34.htm <br /> <br /> NODCC, (2006). What is the Corpus Callosum? . Retrieved April 21, 2008, from National Organization for Disorders in the CorpusCallosum Web site: http://www.nodcc.org/what_is_the_corpus_callosum.php <br /> <br /> ----</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Corpus_callosum 2008-04-21T19:39:05Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> The '''corpus callosum''' (Latin for “tough body”) is a broad, thick bundle of nerve fibers in the entire nervous system, running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers. If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum.<br /> <br /> If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum. When looking at the middle side of one half of the brain, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the corpus callosum looks like a section of a mushroom cap located at the center of the brain. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Close-up Sagittal Section of Hemisphere ==<br /> <br /> [[Image:Col.gif]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Development ==<br /> In a healthy infant’s brain, the corpus callosum develops between 12 to 16 weeks after conception. The fibers of the corpus callosum continue to become more and more effective into adolescence. By the time a child is around the age of 12 years, the corpus callosum functions will in adulthood, allowing rapid interaction between the two sides of the brain. From this age on the corpus callosum becomes increasingly functional in their typically developing children.<br /> ----<br /> [[Image:Bbb.gif]]<br /> ----<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> Hubel, D. H (2006). THE CORPUS CALLOSUM. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Eye, Brain, and Vision Web site: http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/b34.htm <br /> <br /> NODCC, (2006). What is the Corpus Callosum? . Retrieved April 21, 2008, from National Organization for Disorders in the CorpusCallosum Web site: http://www.nodcc.org/what_is_the_corpus_callosum.php <br /> <br /> ----</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Corpus_callosum 2008-04-21T19:38:40Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> The '''corpus callosum''' (Latin for “tough body”) is a broad, thick bundle of nerve fibers in the entire nervous system, running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers. If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum.<br /> <br /> If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum. When looking at the middle side of one half of the brain, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the corpus callosum looks like a section of a mushroom cap located at the center of the brain. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [[Image:Col.gif]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Development ==<br /> In a healthy infant’s brain, the corpus callosum develops between 12 to 16 weeks after conception. The fibers of the corpus callosum continue to become more and more effective into adolescence. By the time a child is around the age of 12 years, the corpus callosum functions will in adulthood, allowing rapid interaction between the two sides of the brain. From this age on the corpus callosum becomes increasingly functional in their typically developing children.<br /> ----<br /> [[Image:Bbb.gif]]<br /> ----<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> Hubel, D. H (2006). THE CORPUS CALLOSUM. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Eye, Brain, and Vision Web site: http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/b34.htm <br /> <br /> NODCC, (2006). What is the Corpus Callosum? . Retrieved April 21, 2008, from National Organization for Disorders in the CorpusCallosum Web site: http://www.nodcc.org/what_is_the_corpus_callosum.php <br /> <br /> ----</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/File:Bbb.gif 2008-04-21T19:37:32Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div></div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Corpus_callosum 2008-04-21T19:34:49Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> The '''corpus callosum''' (Latin for “tough body”) is a broad, thick bundle of nerve fibers in the entire nervous system, running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers. If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum.<br /> <br /> If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum. When looking at the middle side of one half of the brain, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the corpus callosum looks like a section of a mushroom cap located at the center of the brain. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [[Image:Col.gif]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Development ==<br /> In a healthy infant’s brain, the corpus callosum develops between 12 to 16 weeks after conception. The fibers of the corpus callosum continue to become more and more effective into adolescence. By the time a child is around the age of 12 years, the corpus callosum functions will in adulthood, allowing rapid interaction between the two sides of the brain. From this age on the corpus callosum becomes increasingly functional in their typically developing children.<br /> ----<br /> == References ==<br /> Hubel, D. H (2006). THE CORPUS CALLOSUM. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Eye, Brain, and Vision Web site: http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/b34.htm <br /> <br /> NODCC, (2006). What is the Corpus Callosum? . Retrieved April 21, 2008, from National Organization for Disorders in the CorpusCallosum Web site: http://www.nodcc.org/what_is_the_corpus_callosum.php <br /> <br /> ----</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Corpus_callosum 2008-04-21T19:30:19Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> The '''corpus callosum''' (Latin for “tough body”) is a broad, thick bundle of nerve fibers in the entire nervous system, running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers. If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum.<br /> <br /> If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum. When looking at the middle side of one half of the brain, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the corpus callosum looks like a section of a mushroom cap located at the center of the brain. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [[Image:Col.gif]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == References ==<br /> Hubel, D. H (2006). THE CORPUS CALLOSUM. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Eye, Brain, and Vision Web site: http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/b34.htm <br /> <br /> NODCC, (2006). What is the Corpus Callosum? . Retrieved April 21, 2008, from National Organization for Disorders in the CorpusCallosum Web site: http://www.nodcc.org/what_is_the_corpus_callosum.php <br /> <br /> ----</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Corpus_callosum 2008-04-21T19:28:28Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> The '''corpus callosum''' (Latin for “tough body”) is a broad, thick bundle of nerve fibers in the entire nervous system, running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers. If we cut a brain in half down the middle, we would also cut through the fibers of the corpus callosum <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [[Image:Col.gif]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == References ==<br /> Hubel, D. H (2006). THE CORPUS CALLOSUM. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Eye, Brain, and Vision Web site: http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/b34.htm <br /> <br /> NODCC, (2006). What is the Corpus Callosum? . Retrieved April 21, 2008, from National Organization for Disorders in the CorpusCallosum Web site: http://www.nodcc.org/what_is_the_corpus_callosum.php <br /> <br /> ----</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Corpus_callosum 2008-04-21T19:23:40Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> <br /> The '''corpus callosum''' (Latin for “tough body”) is a broad, thick bundle of nerve fibers in the entire nervous system, running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [[Image:Col.gif]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == References ==<br /> Hubel, D. H (2006). THE CORPUS CALLOSUM. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Eye, Brain, and Vision Web site: http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/b34.htm <br /> <br /> NODCC, (2006). What is the Corpus Callosum? . Retrieved April 21, 2008, from National Organization for Disorders in the CorpusCallosum Web site: http://www.nodcc.org/what_is_the_corpus_callosum.php <br /> <br /> ----</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Corpus_callosum 2008-04-21T19:19:18Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;/* References */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> [[Image:Col.gif]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == References ==<br /> Hubel, D. H (2006). THE CORPUS CALLOSUM. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Eye, Brain, and Vision Web site: http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/b34.htm <br /> <br /> NODCC, (2006). What is the Corpus Callosum? . Retrieved April 21, 2008, from National Organization for Disorders in the CorpusCallosum Web site: http://www.nodcc.org/what_is_the_corpus_callosum.php <br /> <br /> ----</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Corpus_callosum 2008-04-21T19:14:00Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> [[Image:Col.gif]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == References ==<br /> NODCC, (2006). What is the Corpus Callosum? . Retrieved April 21, 2008, from National Organization for Disorders in the CorpusCallosum Web site: http://www.nodcc.org/what_is_the_corpus_callosum.php <br /> <br /> ----</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Corpus_callosum 2008-04-21T19:09:10Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brain areas]]<br /> [[Image:Col.gif]]</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/File:Col.gif 2008-04-21T19:08:42Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div></div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Brenda_Milner 2008-04-21T19:05:40Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;/* Resources */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological profiles]]'''Dr. Brenda Milner''' was born in Manchester, England in 1918. She is a pioneer of the discipline of neuropsychology. Her detailed long-term studies on epilepsy cases of patients before and after have added substantially to the scientific understanding of the structure of the brain. Especially, to the functions of the hippocampus, and the role of the temporal and frontal lobes in learning, memory and speech functions. <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [[Image:Brenda.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Academic Backgound ==<br /> '''Dr. Milner''' received her undergraduate degree at the University of Cambridge in 1939. Her Ph.D. degree was acquired under Dr. Donald Hebb at McGill University in 1952. She joined Dr. Wilder Penfield at the Montreal Neurological Institute in 1950 and published landmark papers with Penfield and Scoville in 1957 and 1958. She is the Dorothy J. Killam Professor of Psychology at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology &amp; Neurosurgery, McGill University.<br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Accomplishments in the field ==<br /> <br /> '''Dr. Milner''' work in the field of neuropsychology includes the study of memory and other cognitive functions in humans. She was the first to study the effects of damage to the medial temporal lobe on memory and systematically described the deficits in the patient HM concerning cognitive neuroscience.<br /> <br /> Through a series of landmark studies, Dr. Milner demonstrated that the medial temporal lobe amnestic syndrome is characterized by an inability to acquire new memories while old memories and other cognitive abilities, including language, perception and reasoning are not affected.<br /> <br /> Her findings helped establish the importance of cortico-limbic pathways for cognitive memories and cortico-basal ganglia pathways for skills and procedural memories. These studies revealed the differences in episodic and procedural memory. Her research laid the platform for advances in understanding learning in both normal and functionally impaired humans.<br /> <br /> The varied body of research by Dr. Milner has had, and continues to have, a major impact on cognitive neuroscience and on clinical neuroscience. Dr. Milner’s studies have direct a correlation to patient care for neurosurgical treatment of patients with brain tumors or epilepsy. Her contribution to understanding memory and language functions, as well as hemispheric lateralization has helped discovered research and therapies for debilitating conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and stroke.<br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Refrences ==<br /> <br /> McPherson, S (2005). Dr. Brenda Milner: 2005 Gairdner Award Winner. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Bio-Medicine Web site: http://news.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-3/Dr--Brenda-Milner-3A-2005-Gairdner-Award-Winner-12306-1/<br /> <br /> McGill University , (2006). Dr Brenda Milner, CC. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from McGill University Web site: http://www.mcgill.ca/about/history/pioneers/milner/ <br /> <br /> Pausová, V (1998). Interview with Brenda Milner. Retrieved April 21, 2008, Web site: http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/users/tomas/brenda_milner.html <br /> <br /> ----</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Alexia 2008-04-21T19:04:39Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;/* Referenes */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Alexia''' is an acquired type of sensory aphasia, that occurs when damage to the brain causes the individual to lose the ability read.<br /> [[Image:Brain 1.gif]]<br /> <br /> == Pure Alexia ==<br /> '''Pure Alexia''' is also known as acquired Alexia. Patients with this form of Alexia have the ability to write and spell words. Language functions normally, with often difficulty of retrieving words. This form of Alexia can be a result of lesions to the brain that block input from the visual cortex to the left gyrus.<br /> ----<br /> == Surface Alexia ==<br /> '''Surface Alexia''' is characterized by the inability to distinguish between homophonic words such as pair and pear. Patients rely on the pronunciation of written words in order to understand their meaning. Lesions to the temporalpartial region of the left hemisphere are associated with surface Alexia. <br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Phonological Alexia ==<br /> '''Phonological Alexia''' causes disadvantages in the recognition of preposition and conjunctions compared to nouns. Patients with this type of acquired sensory aphasia are unable to read unfamiliar words. As well have problems with abstract words such as honesty, responsibility and loyalty.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Deep Alexia ==<br /> '''Deep Alexia''' causes a semantic paralysis when reading out loud. For example when reading lawyer the patient might actually say attorney or when reading cold the they might say hot. Deep Alexia can cause a profound disturbance in pronounceable non-words. Almost all parts of speech are affected by this condition. Lesions associated with Deep Alexia are typically extensive, including frontal and extending posteriorly left lobe.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Refrences ==<br /> Friedman, R. B. (2006). Alexia. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Center for Aphasia Research and Rehabilitation Web site: http://gumc.georgetown.edu/departments/neurology/friedman/alexia.html<br /> <br /> Leff, A. (2004). Alexia. Cognitive Primer, 4, Retrieved April 10, 2008, from http://www.acnr.co.uk/pdfs/volume4issue3/v4i3cogprimer.pdf</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Alexia 2008-04-21T19:04:08Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;/* Resources */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Alexia''' is an acquired type of sensory aphasia, that occurs when damage to the brain causes the individual to lose the ability read.<br /> [[Image:Brain 1.gif]]<br /> <br /> == Pure Alexia ==<br /> '''Pure Alexia''' is also known as acquired Alexia. Patients with this form of Alexia have the ability to write and spell words. Language functions normally, with often difficulty of retrieving words. This form of Alexia can be a result of lesions to the brain that block input from the visual cortex to the left gyrus.<br /> ----<br /> == Surface Alexia ==<br /> '''Surface Alexia''' is characterized by the inability to distinguish between homophonic words such as pair and pear. Patients rely on the pronunciation of written words in order to understand their meaning. Lesions to the temporalpartial region of the left hemisphere are associated with surface Alexia. <br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Phonological Alexia ==<br /> '''Phonological Alexia''' causes disadvantages in the recognition of preposition and conjunctions compared to nouns. Patients with this type of acquired sensory aphasia are unable to read unfamiliar words. As well have problems with abstract words such as honesty, responsibility and loyalty.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Deep Alexia ==<br /> '''Deep Alexia''' causes a semantic paralysis when reading out loud. For example when reading lawyer the patient might actually say attorney or when reading cold the they might say hot. Deep Alexia can cause a profound disturbance in pronounceable non-words. Almost all parts of speech are affected by this condition. Lesions associated with Deep Alexia are typically extensive, including frontal and extending posteriorly left lobe.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Referenes ==<br /> Friedman, R. B. (2006). Alexia. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Center for Aphasia Research and Rehabilitation Web site: http://gumc.georgetown.edu/departments/neurology/friedman/alexia.html<br /> <br /> Leff, A. (2004). Alexia. Cognitive Primer, 4, Retrieved April 10, 2008, from http://www.acnr.co.uk/pdfs/volume4issue3/v4i3cogprimer.pdf</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Mini_mental_state_exam 2008-04-21T19:03:22Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;/* Resources */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> The''' Mini Mental State Exam''' is a tool used to systematically asses’ metal status. It is based on 11 questions that test five areas of cognitive function. The five sections of the test are divided as follows: orientation, registration, attention and calculation. The maximum score is 30 and a score if 23 and lower indicates cognitive impairment. The test usually 5-10 minutes to administer, making it practical to use repeatedly. <br /> <br /> [[Image:Elderly-fig1.jpg]]<br /> ----<br /> == Target Population ==<br /> The '''Mini mental state exam''' is used as a screening tool for cognitive impairment in the older community of hospitalized adults such as nursing homes. The assessment of older adults’ cognitive function is believed to have better results if it is done routinely and thoroughly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Strenghts and Limitations ==<br /> The '''MMSE''' is an effective instrument to separate patients with cognitive deterioration from those without it. When used repeatedly the instrument is able to measure changes in cognitive status. It is important to note, that the tool is not able to diagnose the case for changes in cognitive function. As well, the instrument relies heavily on verbal responses, such as reading and writing. Consequently, patients that have a hearing or visual impairment may have low literacy when cognitively they might be intact. <br /> ----<br /> == References ==<br /> Kurlowicz, L, &amp; Wallace, M (1999). The Mini Mental Examination (MME). Try this: from the Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing, 1, Retrieved April 21, 2008, from http://www.chcr.brown.edu/MMSE.PDF<br /> <br /> Mini-Mental State Examination. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http://www.minimental.com/</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Alexia 2008-04-21T18:10:24Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;/* Resources */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Alexia''' is an acquired type of sensory aphasia, that occurs when damage to the brain causes the individual to lose the ability read.<br /> [[Image:Brain 1.gif]]<br /> <br /> == Pure Alexia ==<br /> '''Pure Alexia''' is also known as acquired Alexia. Patients with this form of Alexia have the ability to write and spell words. Language functions normally, with often difficulty of retrieving words. This form of Alexia can be a result of lesions to the brain that block input from the visual cortex to the left gyrus.<br /> ----<br /> == Surface Alexia ==<br /> '''Surface Alexia''' is characterized by the inability to distinguish between homophonic words such as pair and pear. Patients rely on the pronunciation of written words in order to understand their meaning. Lesions to the temporalpartial region of the left hemisphere are associated with surface Alexia. <br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Phonological Alexia ==<br /> '''Phonological Alexia''' causes disadvantages in the recognition of preposition and conjunctions compared to nouns. Patients with this type of acquired sensory aphasia are unable to read unfamiliar words. As well have problems with abstract words such as honesty, responsibility and loyalty.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Deep Alexia ==<br /> '''Deep Alexia''' causes a semantic paralysis when reading out loud. For example when reading lawyer the patient might actually say attorney or when reading cold the they might say hot. Deep Alexia can cause a profound disturbance in pronounceable non-words. Almost all parts of speech are affected by this condition. Lesions associated with Deep Alexia are typically extensive, including frontal and extending posteriorly left lobe.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Resources ==<br /> Friedman, R. B. (2006). Alexia. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Center for Aphasia Research and Rehabilitation Web site: http://gumc.georgetown.edu/departments/neurology/friedman/alexia.html<br /> <br /> Leff, A. (2004). Alexia. Cognitive Primer, 4, Retrieved April 10, 2008, from http://www.acnr.co.uk/pdfs/volume4issue3/v4i3cogprimer.pdf</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Alexia 2008-04-21T18:06:48Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Alexia''' is an acquired type of sensory aphasia, that occurs when damage to the brain causes the individual to lose the ability read.<br /> [[Image:Brain 1.gif]]<br /> <br /> == Pure Alexia ==<br /> '''Pure Alexia''' is also known as acquired Alexia. Patients with this form of Alexia have the ability to write and spell words. Language functions normally, with often difficulty of retrieving words. This form of Alexia can be a result of lesions to the brain that block input from the visual cortex to the left gyrus.<br /> ----<br /> == Surface Alexia ==<br /> '''Surface Alexia''' is characterized by the inability to distinguish between homophonic words such as pair and pear. Patients rely on the pronunciation of written words in order to understand their meaning. Lesions to the temporalpartial region of the left hemisphere are associated with surface Alexia. <br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Phonological Alexia ==<br /> '''Phonological Alexia''' causes disadvantages in the recognition of preposition and conjunctions compared to nouns. Patients with this type of acquired sensory aphasia are unable to read unfamiliar words. As well have problems with abstract words such as honesty, responsibility and loyalty.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Deep Alexia ==<br /> '''Deep Alexia''' causes a semantic paralysis when reading out loud. For example when reading lawyer the patient might actually say attorney or when reading cold the they might say hot. Deep Alexia can cause a profound disturbance in pronounceable non-words. Almost all parts of speech are affected by this condition. Lesions associated with Deep Alexia are typically extensive, including frontal and extending posteriorly left lobe.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Resources ==<br /> Friedman, R. B. (2006). Alexia. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from Center for Aphasia Research and Rehabilitation Web site: http://gumc.georgetown.edu/departments/neurology/friedman/alexia.html</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Alexia 2008-04-21T18:00:09Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological syndromes]]<br /> '''Alexia''' is an acquired type of sensory aphasia, that occurs when damage to the brain causes the individual to lose the ability read.<br /> [[Image:Brain 1.gif]]<br /> <br /> == Pure Alexia ==<br /> '''Pure Alexia''' is also known as acquired Alexia. Patients with this form of Alexia have the ability to write and spell words. Language functions normally, with often difficulty of retrieving words. This form of Alexia can be a result of lesions to the brain that block input from the visual cortex to the left gyrus.<br /> <br /> == Surface Alexia ==<br /> '''Surface Alexia''' is characterized by the inability to distinguish between homophonic words such as pair and pear. Patients rely on the pronunciation of written words in order to understand their meaning. Lesions to the temporalpartial region of the left hemisphere are associated with surface Alexia. <br /> <br /> == Phonological Alexia ==<br /> '''Phonological Alexia''' causes disadvantages in the recognition of preposition and conjunctions compared to nouns. Patients with this type of acquired sensory aphasia are unable to read unfamiliar words. As well have problems with abstract words such as honesty, responsibility and loyalty.<br /> <br /> == Deep Alexia ==<br /> '''Deep Alexia''' causes a semantic paralysis when reading out loud. For example when reading lawyer the patient might actually say attorney or when reading cold the they might say hot. Deep Alexia can cause a profound disturbance in pronounceable non-words. Almost all parts of speech are affected by this condition. Lesions associated with Deep Alexia are typically extensive, including frontal and extending posteriorly left lobe.</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Mini_mental_state_exam 2008-04-21T17:58:34Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> The''' Mini Mental State Exam''' is a tool used to systematically asses’ metal status. It is based on 11 questions that test five areas of cognitive function. The five sections of the test are divided as follows: orientation, registration, attention and calculation. The maximum score is 30 and a score if 23 and lower indicates cognitive impairment. The test usually 5-10 minutes to administer, making it practical to use repeatedly. <br /> <br /> [[Image:Elderly-fig1.jpg]]<br /> ----<br /> == Target Population ==<br /> The '''Mini mental state exam''' is used as a screening tool for cognitive impairment in the older community of hospitalized adults such as nursing homes. The assessment of older adults’ cognitive function is believed to have better results if it is done routinely and thoroughly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Strenghts and Limitations ==<br /> The '''MMSE''' is an effective instrument to separate patients with cognitive deterioration from those without it. When used repeatedly the instrument is able to measure changes in cognitive status. It is important to note, that the tool is not able to diagnose the case for changes in cognitive function. As well, the instrument relies heavily on verbal responses, such as reading and writing. Consequently, patients that have a hearing or visual impairment may have low literacy when cognitively they might be intact. <br /> ----<br /> == Resources ==<br /> Kurlowicz, L, &amp; Wallace, M (1999). The Mini Mental Examination (MME). Try this: from the Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing, 1, Retrieved April 21, 2008, from http://www.chcr.brown.edu/MMSE.PDF<br /> <br /> Mini-Mental State Examination. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http://www.minimental.com/</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Mini_mental_state_exam 2008-04-21T17:57:39Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Test ==<br /> The''' Mini Mental State Exam''' is a tool used to systematically asses’ metal status. It is based on 11 questions that test five areas of cognitive function. The five sections of the test are divided as follows: orientation, registration, attention and calculation. The maximum score is 30 and a score if 23 and lower indicates cognitive impairment. The test usually 5-10 minutes to administer, making it practical to use repeatedly. <br /> <br /> [[Image:Elderly-fig1.jpg]]<br /> ----<br /> == Target Population ==<br /> The '''Mini mental state exam''' is used as a screening tool for cognitive impairment in the older community of hospitalized adults such as nursing homes. The assessment of older adults’ cognitive function is believed to have better results if it is done routinely and thoroughly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Strenghts and Limitations ==<br /> The '''MMSE''' is an effective instrument to separate patients with cognitive deterioration from those without it. When used repeatedly the instrument is able to measure changes in cognitive status. It is important to note, that the tool is not able to diagnose the case for changes in cognitive function. As well, the instrument relies heavily on verbal responses, such as reading and writing. Consequently, patients that have a hearing or visual impairment may have low literacy when cognitively they might be intact. <br /> ----<br /> == Resources ==<br /> Kurlowicz, L, &amp; Wallace, M (1999). The Mini Mental Examination (MME). Try this: from the Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing, 1, Retrieved April 21, 2008, from http://www.chcr.brown.edu/MMSE.PDF<br /> <br /> Mini-Mental State Examination. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http://www.minimental.com/</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Mini_mental_state_exam 2008-04-21T17:56:27Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Test ==<br /> The''' Mini Mental State Exam''' is a tool used to systematically asses’ metal status. It is based on 11 questions that test five areas of cognitive function. The five sections of the test are divided as follows: orientation, registration, attention and calculation. The maximum score is 30 and a score if 23 and lower indicates cognitive impairment. The test usually 5-10 minutes to administer, making it practical to use repeatedly. <br /> [[Image:Elderly-fig1.jpg]]<br /> ----<br /> == Target Population ==<br /> The '''Mini mental state exam''' is used as a screening tool for cognitive impairment in the older community of hospitalized adults such as nursing homes. The assessment of older adults’ cognitive function is believed to have better results if it is done routinely and thoroughly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Strenghts and Limitations ==<br /> The '''MMSE''' is an effective instrument to separate patients with cognitive deterioration from those without it. When used repeatedly the instrument is able to measure changes in cognitive status. It is important to note, that the tool is not able to diagnose the case for changes in cognitive function. As well, the instrument relies heavily on verbal responses, such as reading and writing. Consequently, patients that have a hearing or visual impairment may have low literacy when cognitively they might be intact. <br /> ----<br /> == Resources ==<br /> Kurlowicz, L, &amp; Wallace, M (1999). The Mini Mental Examination (MME). Try this: from the Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing, 1, Retrieved April 21, 2008, from http://www.chcr.brown.edu/MMSE.PDF<br /> <br /> Mini-Mental State Examination. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http://www.minimental.com/</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/File:Elderly-fig1.jpg 2008-04-21T17:54:06Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div></div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Mini_mental_state_exam 2008-04-21T17:51:36Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Test ==<br /> The''' Mini Mental State Exam''' is a tool used to systematically asses’ metal status. It is based on 11 questions that test five areas of cognitive function. The five sections of the test are divided as follows: orientation, registration, attention and calculation. The maximum score is 30 and a score if 23 and lower indicates cognitive impairment. The test usually 5-10 minutes to administer, making it practical to use repeatedly. <br /> ----<br /> == Target Population ==<br /> The '''Mini mental state exam''' is used as a screening tool for cognitive impairment in the older community of hospitalized adults such as nursing homes. The assessment of older adults’ cognitive function is believed to have better results if it is done routinely and thoroughly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Strenghts and Limitations ==<br /> The '''MMSE''' is an effective instrument to separate patients with cognitive deterioration from those without it. When used repeatedly the instrument is able to measure changes in cognitive status. It is important to note, that the tool is not able to diagnose the case for changes in cognitive function. As well, the instrument relies heavily on verbal responses, such as reading and writing. Consequently, patients that have a hearing or visual impairment may have low literacy when cognitively they might be intact. <br /> ----<br /> == Resources ==<br /> Kurlowicz, L, &amp; Wallace, M (1999). The Mini Mental Examination (MME). Try this: from the Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing, 1, Retrieved April 21, 2008, from http://www.chcr.brown.edu/MMSE.PDF<br /> <br /> Mini-Mental State Examination. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http://www.minimental.com/</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Mini_mental_state_exam 2008-04-21T17:51:20Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> [[Image:mim.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Test ==<br /> The''' Mini Mental State Exam''' is a tool used to systematically asses’ metal status. It is based on 11 questions that test five areas of cognitive function. The five sections of the test are divided as follows: orientation, registration, attention and calculation. The maximum score is 30 and a score if 23 and lower indicates cognitive impairment. The test usually 5-10 minutes to administer, making it practical to use repeatedly. <br /> ----<br /> == Target Population ==<br /> The '''Mini mental state exam''' is used as a screening tool for cognitive impairment in the older community of hospitalized adults such as nursing homes. The assessment of older adults’ cognitive function is believed to have better results if it is done routinely and thoroughly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Strenghts and Limitations ==<br /> The '''MMSE''' is an effective instrument to separate patients with cognitive deterioration from those without it. When used repeatedly the instrument is able to measure changes in cognitive status. It is important to note, that the tool is not able to diagnose the case for changes in cognitive function. As well, the instrument relies heavily on verbal responses, such as reading and writing. Consequently, patients that have a hearing or visual impairment may have low literacy when cognitively they might be intact. <br /> ----<br /> == Resources ==<br /> Kurlowicz, L, &amp; Wallace, M (1999). The Mini Mental Examination (MME). Try this: from the Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing, 1, Retrieved April 21, 2008, from http://www.chcr.brown.edu/MMSE.PDF<br /> <br /> Mini-Mental State Examination. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http://www.minimental.com/</div>

Iaitles http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/Mini_mental_state_exam 2008-04-21T17:50:55Z

<p>Iaitles:&#32;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Neuropsychological methods]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> [[Image:Brenda.jpg]]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Test ==<br /> The''' Mini Mental State Exam''' is a tool used to systematically asses’ metal status. It is based on 11 questions that test five areas of cognitive function. The five sections of the test are divided as follows: orientation, registration, attention and calculation. The maximum score is 30 and a score if 23 and lower indicates cognitive impairment. The test usually 5-10 minutes to administer, making it practical to use repeatedly. <br /> ----<br /> == Target Population ==<br /> The '''Mini mental state exam''' is used as a screening tool for cognitive impairment in the older community of hospitalized adults such as nursing homes. The assessment of older adults’ cognitive function is believed to have better results if it is done routinely and thoroughly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> == Strenghts and Limitations ==<br /> The '''MMSE''' is an effective instrument to separate patients with cognitive deterioration from those without it. When used repeatedly the instrument is able to measure changes in cognitive status. It is important to note, that the tool is not able to diagnose the case for changes in cognitive function. As well, the instrument relies heavily on verbal responses, such as reading and writing. Consequently, patients that have a hearing or visual impairment may have low literacy when cognitively they might be intact. <br /> ----<br /> == Resources ==<br /> Kurlowicz, L, &amp; Wallace, M (1999). The Mini Mental Examination (MME). Try this: from the Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing, 1, Retrieved April 21, 2008, from http://www.chcr.brown.edu/MMSE.PDF<br /> <br /> Mini-Mental State Examination. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http://www.minimental.com/</div>

Iaitles