http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/?action=history&feed=atom&title=Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortexVentromedial prefrontal cortex - Revision history2026-10-02T07:05:17ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.15.1http://72.14.177.54/psy3241/?title=Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex&diff=2318&oldid=prevRkimchi@rollins.edu: /* =References */2008-04-29T03:37:38Z<p><span class="autocomment">=References</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A study by Koenigs et al (2007) compared the performance of those with VMF damage to control participants. They administered a series of situations that were either non-moral, impersonal and moral or personal and moral. Those with VMF damage responded very rationally to personal moral problems, where the control patients did not. VMF patients also opted for the immoral but rational solutions more than control participants. This study was compared to the results of VMF patients and the Iowa Gambling Task to conclude that those with VMF damage often act without weighing the consequences.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A study by Koenigs et al (2007) compared the performance of those with VMF damage to control participants. They administered a series of situations that were either non-moral, impersonal and moral or personal and moral. Those with VMF damage responded very rationally to personal moral problems, where the control patients did not. VMF patients also opted for the immoral but rational solutions more than control participants. This study was compared to the results of VMF patients and the Iowa Gambling Task to conclude that those with VMF damage often act without weighing the consequences.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==References=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==References<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A., R. (2000). Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10(3), 295-307.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A., R. (2000). Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10(3), 295-307.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Rkimchi@rollins.eduhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/?title=Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex&diff=2316&oldid=prevRkimchi@rollins.edu at 03:37, 29 April 20082008-04-29T03:37:09Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A study by Koenigs et al (2007) compared the performance of those with VMF damage to control participants. They administered a series of situations that were either non-moral, impersonal and moral or personal and moral. Those with VMF damage responded very rationally to personal moral problems, where the control patients did not. VMF patients also opted for the immoral but rational solutions more than control participants. This study was compared to the results of VMF patients and the Iowa Gambling Task to conclude that those with VMF damage often act without weighing the consequences.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A study by Koenigs et al (2007) compared the performance of those with VMF damage to control participants. They administered a series of situations that were either non-moral, impersonal and moral or personal and moral. Those with VMF damage responded very rationally to personal moral problems, where the control patients did not. VMF patients also opted for the immoral but rational solutions more than control participants. This study was compared to the results of VMF patients and the Iowa Gambling Task to conclude that those with VMF damage often act without weighing the consequences.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==References=</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A., R. (2000). Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10(3), 295-307.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bechara, A., Damasio, D. Tranel and Damasio, A., R. (2005). The iowa gambling task and the somatic marker hypothesis: Some questions and answers. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(4), 159-162.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Facundo, M., Sahakian, B., Clark, L., Rogers, R., Antoun, N., Aitken, M., & Robbins, T. (2002). Decision-making processes following damage to the prefrontal cortex. Brain, 124, 624-639.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Wagar, B., M & Thargard, P. (2004). Spiking phineas gage: A neurocomputational theory of cognitive-affective integration in decision making. Psychological Review, 111, 67-79.</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Rkimchi@rollins.eduhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/?title=Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex&diff=2238&oldid=prevRkimchi@rollins.edu at 01:46, 29 April 20082008-04-29T01:46:38Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The '''ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMF)''' is located under the frontal cortex, inside the [[orbitofrontal cortex|orbitofrontal]] base of the anterior frontal lobe, adjacent to the midline. It has connections with the [[amygdala]], [[hippocampus]], temporal visual association areas and the [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dorsolateral </del>prefrontal cortex|prefrontal cortex]]. The VMF integrates information about emotions, the environment and memory. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The '''ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMF)''' is located under the frontal cortex, inside the [[orbitofrontal cortex|orbitofrontal]] base of the anterior frontal lobe, adjacent to the midline. It has connections with the [[amygdala]], [[hippocampus]], temporal visual association areas and the [[prefrontal cortex|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dorsolateral </ins>prefrontal cortex]]. The VMF integrates information about emotions, the environment and memory. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Image:A 08 cr anx 1b.jpg]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Role of the VMF===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Role of the VMF===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A function of the VMF is to interpret somatic markers and incorporate the emotions into decision-making. Those with damage to the VMF may invest poorly, lose jobs and relationships, and act impulsively. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A function of the VMF is to interpret somatic markers and incorporate the emotions into decision-making. Those with damage to the VMF may invest poorly, lose jobs and relationships, and act impulsively. </div></td></tr>
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</table>Rkimchi@rollins.eduhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/?title=Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex&diff=2231&oldid=prevRkimchi@rollins.edu at 01:42, 29 April 20082008-04-29T01:42:25Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The '''ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMF)''' is located under the frontal cortex, inside the [[orbitofrontal cortex|orbitofrontal]] base of the anterior frontal lobe, adjacent to the midline. It has connections with the [[amygdala]], [[hippocampus]], temporal visual association areas and the [[prefrontal cortex|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dorsolateral </del>prefrontal cortex]]. The VMF integrates information about emotions, the environment and memory. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The '''ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMF)''' is located under the frontal cortex, inside the [[orbitofrontal cortex|orbitofrontal]] base of the anterior frontal lobe, adjacent to the midline. It has connections with the [[amygdala]], [[hippocampus]], temporal visual association areas and the [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dorsolateral </ins>prefrontal cortex|prefrontal cortex]]. The VMF integrates information about emotions, the environment and memory. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Role of the VMF===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Role of the VMF===</div></td></tr>
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</table>Rkimchi@rollins.eduhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/?title=Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex&diff=2222&oldid=prevRkimchi@rollins.edu at 01:34, 29 April 20082008-04-29T01:34:02Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The lack of somatic interpretation also influences the patient's social behavior. Those with damage to their VMF are typically unable to “read” others non-verbal emotional expressions or body language. Since the feelings of regret and embarrassment are also somatic functions, they do not realize when they are acting socially inappropriate. Following damage, patient's personalities often change drastically. One such case of this was [[Phineas Gage]], who suffered damage after being impaled with a tamping iron. His family and friends noticed marked differences in his personality. Once motivated and responsible, Gage became lazy, disinhibited and unpredictable. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The lack of somatic interpretation also influences the patient's social behavior. Those with damage to their VMF are typically unable to “read” others non-verbal emotional expressions or body language. Since the feelings of regret and embarrassment are also somatic functions, they do not realize when they are acting socially inappropriate. Following damage, patient's personalities often change drastically. One such case of this was [[Phineas Gage]], who suffered damage after being impaled with a tamping iron. His family and friends noticed marked differences in his personality. Once motivated and responsible, Gage became lazy, disinhibited and unpredictable. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Patients with VMF damage retain normal intellectual abilities, such as language, memory and attention. They also usually score within the normal range score normally on tests of [[Executive dysfunction|executive function]], such as the [[Wisconsin card <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sorting </del>test]]. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Patients with VMF damage retain normal intellectual abilities, such as language, memory and attention. They also usually score within the normal range score normally on tests of [[Executive dysfunction|executive function]], such as the [[Wisconsin card <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sort </ins>test]]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A study by Koenigs et al (2007) compared the performance of those with VMF damage to control participants. They administered a series of situations that were either non-moral, impersonal and moral or personal and moral. Those with VMF damage responded very rationally to personal moral problems, where the control patients did not. VMF patients also opted for the immoral but rational solutions more than control participants. This study was compared to the results of VMF patients and the Iowa Gambling Task to conclude that those with VMF damage often act without weighing the consequences.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A study by Koenigs et al (2007) compared the performance of those with VMF damage to control participants. They administered a series of situations that were either non-moral, impersonal and moral or personal and moral. Those with VMF damage responded very rationally to personal moral problems, where the control patients did not. VMF patients also opted for the immoral but rational solutions more than control participants. This study was compared to the results of VMF patients and the Iowa Gambling Task to conclude that those with VMF damage often act without weighing the consequences.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Rkimchi@rollins.eduhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/?title=Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex&diff=2220&oldid=prevRkimchi@rollins.edu at 01:33, 29 April 20082008-04-29T01:33:32Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A function of the VMF is to interpret somatic markers and incorporate the emotions into decision-making. Those with damage to the VMF may invest poorly, lose jobs and relationships, and act impulsively. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A function of the VMF is to interpret somatic markers and incorporate the emotions into decision-making. Those with damage to the VMF may invest poorly, lose jobs and relationships, and act impulsively. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Not only do people with VMF damage make poor decisions, they are unable to learn from their mistakes by using somatic information from previous outcomes. This may help to explain why they perform so poorly on the on the [[Iowa <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gambling Task</del>]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Not only do people with VMF damage make poor decisions, they are unable to learn from their mistakes by using somatic information from previous outcomes. This may help to explain why they perform so poorly on the on the [[Iowa <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">gambling task</ins>]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Their poor decision-making may be a result of an inability to incorporate somatic information triggered by the amygdala. However, unlike those with amygdala damage, people with VMF damage are able to generate a conditioned fear response. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Their poor decision-making may be a result of an inability to incorporate somatic information triggered by the amygdala. However, unlike those with amygdala damage, people with VMF damage are able to generate a conditioned fear response. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The lack of somatic interpretation also influences the patient's social behavior. Those with damage to their VMF are typically unable to “read” others non-verbal emotional expressions or body language. Since the feelings of regret and embarrassment are also somatic functions, they do not realize when they are acting socially inappropriate. Following damage, patient's personalities often change drastically. One such case of this was [[Phineas Gage]], who suffered damage after being impaled with a tamping iron. His family and friends noticed marked differences in his personality. Once motivated and responsible, Gage became lazy, disinhibited and unpredictable. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The lack of somatic interpretation also influences the patient's social behavior. Those with damage to their VMF are typically unable to “read” others non-verbal emotional expressions or body language. Since the feelings of regret and embarrassment are also somatic functions, they do not realize when they are acting socially inappropriate. Following damage, patient's personalities often change drastically. One such case of this was [[Phineas Gage]], who suffered damage after being impaled with a tamping iron. His family and friends noticed marked differences in his personality. Once motivated and responsible, Gage became lazy, disinhibited and unpredictable. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Patients with VMF damage retain normal intellectual abilities, such as language, memory and attention. They also usually score within the normal range score normally on tests of [[Executive dysfunction|executive function]], such as the [[Wisconsin card sorting <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">task</del>]]. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Patients with VMF damage retain normal intellectual abilities, such as language, memory and attention. They also usually score within the normal range score normally on tests of [[Executive dysfunction|executive function]], such as the [[Wisconsin card sorting <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">test</ins>]]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A study by Koenigs et al (2007) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">researched </del>the performance of those with VMF damage to control participants. They administered a series of situations that were either non-moral, impersonal and moral or personal and moral. Those with VMF damage responded very rationally to personal moral problems, where the control patients did not. VMF patients also opted for the immoral but rational solutions more than control participants. This study was compared to the results of VMF patients and the Iowa Gambling Task to conclude that those with VMF damage often act without weighing the consequences.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A study by Koenigs et al (2007) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compared </ins>the performance of those with VMF damage to control participants. They administered a series of situations that were either non-moral, impersonal and moral or personal and moral. Those with VMF damage responded very rationally to personal moral problems, where the control patients did not. VMF patients also opted for the immoral but rational solutions more than control participants. This study was compared to the results of VMF patients and the Iowa Gambling Task to conclude that those with VMF damage often act without weighing the consequences.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Rkimchi@rollins.eduhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/?title=Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex&diff=2217&oldid=prevRkimchi@rollins.edu at 01:31, 29 April 20082008-04-29T01:31:08Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Brain areas]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Brain areas]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The '''ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMF)''' is located under the frontal cortex, inside the [[orbitofrontal cortex|orbitofrontal]] base of the anterior frontal lobe, adjacent to the midline. It has connections with the [[amygdala]], [[hippocampus]], temporal visual association areas and the [[prefrontal cortex|dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]]. The VMF integrates information about emotions, the environment and memory. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===Role of the VMF===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A function of the VMF is to interpret somatic markers and incorporate the emotions into decision-making. Those with damage to the VMF may invest poorly, lose jobs and relationships, and act impulsively. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Not only do people with VMF damage make poor decisions, they are unable to learn from their mistakes by using somatic information from previous outcomes. This may help to explain why they perform so poorly on the on the [[Iowa Gambling Task]].</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Their poor decision-making may be a result of an inability to incorporate somatic information triggered by the amygdala. However, unlike those with amygdala damage, people with VMF damage are able to generate a conditioned fear response. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The lack of somatic interpretation also influences the patient's social behavior. Those with damage to their VMF are typically unable to “read” others non-verbal emotional expressions or body language. Since the feelings of regret and embarrassment are also somatic functions, they do not realize when they are acting socially inappropriate. Following damage, patient's personalities often change drastically. One such case of this was [[Phineas Gage]], who suffered damage after being impaled with a tamping iron. His family and friends noticed marked differences in his personality. Once motivated and responsible, Gage became lazy, disinhibited and unpredictable. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Patients with VMF damage retain normal intellectual abilities, such as language, memory and attention. They also usually score within the normal range score normally on tests of [[Executive dysfunction|executive function]], such as the [[Wisconsin card sorting task]]. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A study by Koenigs et al (2007) researched the performance of those with VMF damage to control participants. They administered a series of situations that were either non-moral, impersonal and moral or personal and moral. Those with VMF damage responded very rationally to personal moral problems, where the control patients did not. VMF patients also opted for the immoral but rational solutions more than control participants. This study was compared to the results of VMF patients and the Iowa Gambling Task to conclude that those with VMF damage often act without weighing the consequences.</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Rkimchi@rollins.eduhttp://72.14.177.54/psy3241/?title=Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex&diff=1409&oldid=prevAdmin at 22:10, 11 January 20082008-01-11T22:10:56Z<p></p>
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