Brazil
From Kaiserreich
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| Motto Ordem e Progresso (Order and Progress) | ||||
| Anthem Hino Nacional Brasileiro | ||||
| Official Languages | Portuguese | |||
| Capital | Rio de Janeiro | |||
| Head of State | Artur da Silva Bernardes | |||
| Head of Government | Fernando de Melo Viana | |||
| Establishment - Independence from Portugal | ||||
| Declared | September 7 1822 | |||
| Recognized | August 29 1825 | |||
| Republic | November 15 1889 | |||
| Government | Presidential republic | |||
| Currency | Real | |||
| Area | 8 514 877 km² | |||
| Population | About 40 millions | |||
Brazil is the largest country in South America. It borders the Caribbean Federation, Dutch Guiana and Venezuela to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, La Plata to the south, Bolivia to the southwest, Peru to the west and Colombia to the northwest.
Contents |
History
After the abolition of slavery in 1888, the ideals of Republicanism gained much support from across all regions in the Brazilian Empire. This, combined with decreasing support for the House of Orléans-Braganza, culminated in the military-supported declaration of the Republic of Brazil, in 1889. A series of relatively stable and strongly conservative governments ensued across the following decades. As the Weitkrieg erupted in Europe, Brazil declared its neutrality, despite close relationships with the Entente powers. After the war, the flourishing of Brazil's trading with the Old Continent contributed greatly to the wealth of the nation, decreasing the chances of any major economical crisis across the late-1910s and 1920s. Growing industries and a high influx of immigrants led to a strong industrial proletariat. For the last three years, however, trade with Europe and North America started to decline and many fear that a global economic crisis could be approaching. A blow to the Brazilian economy already came in 1934, when the country decided to intervene on Bolivia's side in the Great South American War. Despite a successful initial advance towards the La Plata river, Brazil was unable to withstand the pressure when Argentinean forces counterattacked in 1935, and the Brazilian troops were forced on a great retreat. With Argentinean forces poised to take Curitiba and her own armed forces in disarray, Brazil sued for peace. Since this humiliating defeat, Brazil's First Republic has been on the brink of its end. The apparent stability represented by the 'Café com Leite' doctrine - the dominance of Brazilian politics by the landed oligarchies of S?o Paulo and Minas Gerais - is revealing itself a farse, as general dissent against the federal government becomes more and more apparent. Old rivalries between different sectors of society are awaken. Unsatisfaction by the local elites of the South and Northeast against the government in Rio, and also by the industrialists in S?o Paulo, is growing. The 'cangaço' bandits, led by figures like Lampi?o and Corisco, are running rampant and harassing farmers in Ceará, Bahia and Pernambuco. The Brazilian Workers Confederation, an umbrella organization for the syndicalist movement, is sponsoring heavy labor strikes in the South-Southeast. Meanwhile, populist and nationalist thoughts are growing amongst the army and the middle class. Not even the armed forces can be trusted anymore: the 'Tenentes', nonpartisan reformists officers, can - and will - be mobilized by any side of the political spectrum. Emergency elections have been called for August, and some say that only a miracle can save democracy in Brazil.
Politics
President: Artur da Silva Bernardes
Vice-President: Fernando de Melo Viana
Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Otavio Mangabeira
Minister of Industry: Washington Luis Pereira de Souza
Minister of Justice: Riccardo Cassiano
Head of the Council of National Defence: Costa Neto
Minister of War: Henrique Teixeira Lott
Marshal of the Army: Goes Monteiro
Minister of the Navy: Jorge Martins
Chief of the Air Forces: Mourão Filho
Since Brazil's defeat against Argentina and the subsequent formation of the Union of La Plata, Arthur Bernardes' government has been rocked by crisis time and time again and by pressures from dissenting political factions. Emergency elections have been called for August, with the main political forces in the country participating.
The Aliança Nacional Libertadora (ANL, National Liberation Alliance) is a broad-front of left-wing parties and organizations, composed of three main factions. The Confederação Brasileira dos Trabalhadores (Brazilian Workers' Confederation) is their main force, an umbrella group for several major syndicates and trade unions, exposing a doctrine based on mainstream, English-inspired Syndicalism. The second great force of the ANL is the Partido Socialista Revolucionário (PSR, Socialist Revolutionary Party), the party of choice of the left-leaning petite-bourgeoisie, Marxist intellectuals and Orthodox Socialists. Their third main group is the Bloco Operário e Camponês (BOC, Workers' and Peasants' Bloc), of anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist tendency, claiming to represent the interests of industrial labourers, but also the only major political force to include Brazil's agricultural workforce on their programmes.
A minor force within the ANL is the rump Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB, Brazilian Communist Party), sometimes considered the last of the world's great communist parties. Founded in 1922 and much present on the very early days of the labour movement, the PCB is now a shadow of its former self, as a great part of its leaders and members have moved to other movements and parties. The strict adherence to the old Soviet Bolshevist doctrine by the party inner circle is seen by most as the main reason for its failure. The party is expected to formally announce its dissolution in early 1936, all the while their old guard is keeping an eye on the developments of the Totalist ideas in Britain.
In the next elections, the ANL will present the PSR's Edgard Leuenroth as their candidate to the presidency.
The Liberal-Democratas (Liberal-Democrats) is an ad-hoc coalition of several major and minor centre-left and liberal political parties, under the leadership of former president Júlio Prestes and his Partido Republicano Paulista (São Paulo Republican Party). The coalition has great support from the urban middle classes of the Southern and Southeastern states, as they present themselves as a politically-experienced and moderate alternative to the present situation.
Further to the right, we have the Republicanos (Republicans), an union of conservative parties, joining landowners and industrial capitalists with the right-wing forces of the military under the leadership of populist Getúlio Vargas. They have their greatest voting base on Vargas' home state of Rio Grande do Sul, and also on the conservative Northern and Northeastern states.
The fourth main coalition is the authoritarian Ação Integralista Brasileira (AIB, Brazilian Integralist Action), the nationalist and populist party under Plínio Salgado, expressing their extremist ideology of Integralism.
The role of the military in Brazilian politics must also not be disconsidered. Apart from the usual Generals who will, from time to time, attempt to meddle in politics, the Tenentes, the nonpartisan but reformist and politically-influenced junior officers of the Army and Navy, can - and will - be mobilized by any side of the political spectrum.
Military
Army
Brazil has a medium-sized professional army for defence purposes, consisting in three infantry division (one with an artillery brigade), one cavarly division and a couple of badly-trained militias. After the defeat in the Great South American War in 1935, a rebuilding of the Brazilian Army (Exército Brasileiro) is expected.
Navy and Air Force
The Marinha do Brasil consists of two outdated battleships, two outdated light cruisers and six transport flotilla. The Força Aérea Brasileira comprise only a squadron of interceptors.
Foreign Relations
- Very good relations with United States and Portugal.
- Friendly relations with Italian Federation and Germany.
- Unfriendly relations with La Plata.
