GI - Mouth through stomach

From Iusmhistology

(Difference between revisions)
(Created page with '*started here on 02/09/2011 at 1PM. ==GI== *stopped here on 02/09/2011 at 2PM.')
Line 2: Line 2:
==GI==
==GI==
 +
*The duodenum is where the pancreatic duct terminates as well as the bile duct.
 +
**Bile salts are for emulsifying fats and foods.
 +
*Jejunum and ilium are histo indistinguishable.
 +
*Duodenum has some secretions that make it distinct
 +
*LI:
 +
**Cecum, colon, rectum
 +
**Can't be visually discerned.
 +
 +
===Oral cavity===
 +
*Lined with non-kera stratified epith.
 +
**Still have nucleus and organelles.
 +
*The oral cavity between the epithelium are the lamina propria and submucosa.
 +
*There are small salivary glands.
 +
 +
====Lip====
 +
*There is a skin surface.
 +
**Red region is '''vermillion''' where the caps come to the surface.
 +
**Mucus membrane on the tooth side.
 +
*Notice that the skin is much thinner than the mucus.
 +
**The epithelium against wet surfaces is usually thicker (mucus membrane).
 +
*The vermillion is the hairless part of the epithelium.
 +
*There are also glands.
 +
*The transition from the keratinized part (outside skin) to non keratinized (musu membrane)
 +
**Vermillion
 +
 +
====Hard palate====
 +
*Parakeratinized = for dealing with rough surfaces
 +
*Hard palate and tongue deal with lots of tough material.
 +
*In the mucus mebrane, there are nuclei at the surface but stain a little differently.
 +
**We call this parakeratinized.
 +
**They stain differently because they are toughed to deal with rough food.
 +
 +
====Tongue====
 +
*Bumps are called papillae.
 +
*Filiform papillae provide roughness.
 +
**Cats have very sharp, extended filiform papillae.
 +
*Filiform are rod like and have a parakeratinized surface.
 +
*Fungiform papillae have bulbous ends.
 +
**These are the red bumps on our tongues.
 +
**Fungiform DO NOT have parakeratinized.
 +
*Circumvallate papillae
 +
**In the back.
 +
**Have a valley.
 +
**Valleys are flushed by serous glands called glands of Von Ebner.
 +
*Filiform and fungiform in the '''f'''ront.
 +
*Circumvallae in the back.
 +
*Foliate papillae
 +
**Most humans have very few
 +
**Leaf shaped.
 +
**Not very useful.
 +
*Geographic tongue
 +
**2% of people have this
 +
**Comes with eating certain foods.
 +
**A kind of psoriasis of the tongue.
 +
**In the red area, the filiform papillae have retracted.
 +
**Edges of the ridges have enhanced thickness of the epithelium.
 +
 +
====Taste buds====
 +
*Found especially around the circumvalae and in the middle of the fungiforms.
 +
*5 kinds of tastes: staly, sweet, sour, bitter, umami (glutamate, freshness).
 +
*Taste cells with receptors on the tip; communicate with afferents.
 +
*Basal cells are the stem cell.
 +
*There is a pore in the epithelial cells for each taste bud (only by EM).
 +
 +
====Gingiva====
 +
*Gingiva = gums of the mouth.
 +
**Very well connected to the tooth.
 +
**The epithelial attachment of gottlieb is where the gum epithelial cells attach to the mineral surface of the tooth.
 +
*Sulcus is the space measured to see if there is some pathology.
 +
**Deeper = unhealthy (perhaps gingevitis).
 +
*Enamel covers the crown.
 +
**Mostly appetite
 +
**96% calcium salts
 +
**Has some proteins but '''no collagen'''.
 +
**Proteins are secreted by ameloblasts during tooth development deep in the gums.
 +
**And there's no replacing it!
 +
**Laid down in rod shapes, packed very tightly; makes it very hard.
 +
*Cementum covers the root.
 +
**Cementocytes secrete this.
 +
**Cementum is very much like bone.
 +
*Tooth sits in the alveolus (a bony cavity).
 +
**This bone goes through fast turn-over, making it a ''woven'' type of bone.
 +
**Alveolus just means something that is shaped like a cucumber.
 +
*Dentin
 +
**Makes up the bulk of the tooth (into the root, up into the crown).
 +
**Harder than bone.
 +
**Matrix of Type I collagen
 +
**Odontoblasts make dentin
 +
**Odontoblasts reside in the pulp cavity and project through the dentinal tubules (dentinal processes).
 +
***These tubules are problably how we detect hot and cold with our teeth.
 +
 +
=====Pulp cavity=====
 +
*Extends to the apical foramen (hole at the bottom of the tooth root).
 +
*The pulp cavity is inside the root and crown.
 +
 +
=====Periodontal ligament=====
 +
*Run between cementum and the alveolar bone.
 +
*A set of bundles of collagen bound at one end on the tooth cementum (root of the tooth) and to the alveolar bone (supporting bone).
 +
*The ligament distributes the force of the tooth throughout the whole alveolus.
 +
**Like a bicycle tire and spokes.
 +
*This is a type I collagenous structure.
 +
**When the structure is rope-like it is generally Type I.
 +
*It turns over pretty quickly.
 +
*Scurvvy: teeth fall out because ligament doesn't get regnerated becuase new collagen can't be generated.
 +
 +
===Gut tube===
 +
*Mucosa is the inner-most layer of the tubular gut
 +
*Then connective tissue: sub-mucosa
 +
**Most nerves and blood vessels
 +
*Muscularis externa
 +
**Main muscle layer
 +
**Thickest
 +
*Serosa
 +
**CT with or without mesothelium
 +
 +
====Mucosa====
 +
*Three layers: epithelium, lamina propria (CT), muscularis mucosae
 +
*Lamina propria = nearby layer.
 +
*Muscularis mucosae = muslce of the mucosa
 +
 +
====Submucosa====
 +
*CT
 +
*Some glands
 +
**Important for identifying some organs
 +
*Arteries and nerves
 +
 +
====Muscularis====
 +
*Missed this.
 +
 +
====Serosa====
 +
*Technically means "CT with mesothelium".
 +
*Without mesothelia, it is just an adventitia.
 +
 +
===Esophagus===
 +
*Statified squamous non-ker epithelium (like oral cavity)
 +
*Lamina propria:
 +
**Has no glands (for the most part)
 +
**Muscularis mucosae: has longitudinal muscle, not continuous
 +
**Know these three properties!
 +
*The submucosa '''does''' have glands
 +
**Provide lubrication for the esophagus.
 +
*Muscularis externus
 +
**Have inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers
 +
**In the upper 1/3 the muscle is skeletal
 +
***Makes sense because the first part of swallowing is voluntary.
 +
**in the middle third, mixed
 +
**Lower third is smooth muscle
 +
*Serosa
 +
**Mostly just CT (adventitia)
 +
**Where it penetrates the diagragm (last part), has a mesothelia covering (so a true serosa).
 +
 +
===Stomach===
 +
*Txn from esoph to stomach: squamous non-kera epith to simple columnar epithelium.
 +
*Also, we start to see tubular glands.
 +
*There are four parts: cardia (ring where esoph and stomach meet), fundus, body (fundus and body look same histologically), and pylorus (looks different).
 +
*Lned with surface mucus cells.
 +
*Surface invaginates into pits where glands empty.
 +
*Diff between pit and gland:
 +
**Pit is an invagination, covered with surface mucous cells.
 +
**Glands empty contents into pits; not made of surface mucus cells.
 +
*Rugae are longitudinal folds in the stomach for expansion.
 +
**A fold in the mucosa of the stomach.
 +
**The whole mucosa folds up, not the muscularis externae.
 +
**In the center is the submucosa.
 +
 +
 +
*The cardia has pits with some mucusy glands.
 +
 +
 +
*The fundus / body have glands with a neck and base (base stains more basophilically).
 +
**At the base, staining dark are chief cells that make pepsinogen so they have lots of protein production and packaging stuff that makes them dark.
 +
**Parietal cells of the fundus / body make acids.
 +
***Sometimes have two nuclei.
 +
**The neck region has parietal and undiffed cells.
 +
**Base has parietal and chief cells.
 +
***Recall that chief are much darker staining (basophilic).
 +
 +
 +
*The pylorus has deep pits and shorter mucusy glands.
 +
 +
 +
*Pylorus into the small intestine:
 +
**Pits and glands convert into villi.
*stopped here on 02/09/2011 at 2PM.
*stopped here on 02/09/2011 at 2PM.

Revision as of 19:59, 9 February 2011

  • started here on 02/09/2011 at 1PM.

Contents

GI

  • The duodenum is where the pancreatic duct terminates as well as the bile duct.
    • Bile salts are for emulsifying fats and foods.
  • Jejunum and ilium are histo indistinguishable.
  • Duodenum has some secretions that make it distinct
  • LI:
    • Cecum, colon, rectum
    • Can't be visually discerned.

Oral cavity

  • Lined with non-kera stratified epith.
    • Still have nucleus and organelles.
  • The oral cavity between the epithelium are the lamina propria and submucosa.
  • There are small salivary glands.

Lip

  • There is a skin surface.
    • Red region is vermillion where the caps come to the surface.
    • Mucus membrane on the tooth side.
  • Notice that the skin is much thinner than the mucus.
    • The epithelium against wet surfaces is usually thicker (mucus membrane).
  • The vermillion is the hairless part of the epithelium.
  • There are also glands.
  • The transition from the keratinized part (outside skin) to non keratinized (musu membrane)
    • Vermillion

Hard palate

  • Parakeratinized = for dealing with rough surfaces
  • Hard palate and tongue deal with lots of tough material.
  • In the mucus mebrane, there are nuclei at the surface but stain a little differently.
    • We call this parakeratinized.
    • They stain differently because they are toughed to deal with rough food.

Tongue

  • Bumps are called papillae.
  • Filiform papillae provide roughness.
    • Cats have very sharp, extended filiform papillae.
  • Filiform are rod like and have a parakeratinized surface.
  • Fungiform papillae have bulbous ends.
    • These are the red bumps on our tongues.
    • Fungiform DO NOT have parakeratinized.
  • Circumvallate papillae
    • In the back.
    • Have a valley.
    • Valleys are flushed by serous glands called glands of Von Ebner.
  • Filiform and fungiform in the front.
  • Circumvallae in the back.
  • Foliate papillae
    • Most humans have very few
    • Leaf shaped.
    • Not very useful.
  • Geographic tongue
    • 2% of people have this
    • Comes with eating certain foods.
    • A kind of psoriasis of the tongue.
    • In the red area, the filiform papillae have retracted.
    • Edges of the ridges have enhanced thickness of the epithelium.

Taste buds

  • Found especially around the circumvalae and in the middle of the fungiforms.
  • 5 kinds of tastes: staly, sweet, sour, bitter, umami (glutamate, freshness).
  • Taste cells with receptors on the tip; communicate with afferents.
  • Basal cells are the stem cell.
  • There is a pore in the epithelial cells for each taste bud (only by EM).

Gingiva

  • Gingiva = gums of the mouth.
    • Very well connected to the tooth.
    • The epithelial attachment of gottlieb is where the gum epithelial cells attach to the mineral surface of the tooth.
  • Sulcus is the space measured to see if there is some pathology.
    • Deeper = unhealthy (perhaps gingevitis).
  • Enamel covers the crown.
    • Mostly appetite
    • 96% calcium salts
    • Has some proteins but no collagen.
    • Proteins are secreted by ameloblasts during tooth development deep in the gums.
    • And there's no replacing it!
    • Laid down in rod shapes, packed very tightly; makes it very hard.
  • Cementum covers the root.
    • Cementocytes secrete this.
    • Cementum is very much like bone.
  • Tooth sits in the alveolus (a bony cavity).
    • This bone goes through fast turn-over, making it a woven type of bone.
    • Alveolus just means something that is shaped like a cucumber.
  • Dentin
    • Makes up the bulk of the tooth (into the root, up into the crown).
    • Harder than bone.
    • Matrix of Type I collagen
    • Odontoblasts make dentin
    • Odontoblasts reside in the pulp cavity and project through the dentinal tubules (dentinal processes).
      • These tubules are problably how we detect hot and cold with our teeth.
Pulp cavity
  • Extends to the apical foramen (hole at the bottom of the tooth root).
  • The pulp cavity is inside the root and crown.
Periodontal ligament
  • Run between cementum and the alveolar bone.
  • A set of bundles of collagen bound at one end on the tooth cementum (root of the tooth) and to the alveolar bone (supporting bone).
  • The ligament distributes the force of the tooth throughout the whole alveolus.
    • Like a bicycle tire and spokes.
  • This is a type I collagenous structure.
    • When the structure is rope-like it is generally Type I.
  • It turns over pretty quickly.
  • Scurvvy: teeth fall out because ligament doesn't get regnerated becuase new collagen can't be generated.

Gut tube

  • Mucosa is the inner-most layer of the tubular gut
  • Then connective tissue: sub-mucosa
    • Most nerves and blood vessels
  • Muscularis externa
    • Main muscle layer
    • Thickest
  • Serosa
    • CT with or without mesothelium

Mucosa

  • Three layers: epithelium, lamina propria (CT), muscularis mucosae
  • Lamina propria = nearby layer.
  • Muscularis mucosae = muslce of the mucosa

Submucosa

  • CT
  • Some glands
    • Important for identifying some organs
  • Arteries and nerves

Muscularis

  • Missed this.

Serosa

  • Technically means "CT with mesothelium".
  • Without mesothelia, it is just an adventitia.

Esophagus

  • Statified squamous non-ker epithelium (like oral cavity)
  • Lamina propria:
    • Has no glands (for the most part)
    • Muscularis mucosae: has longitudinal muscle, not continuous
    • Know these three properties!
  • The submucosa does have glands
    • Provide lubrication for the esophagus.
  • Muscularis externus
    • Have inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers
    • In the upper 1/3 the muscle is skeletal
      • Makes sense because the first part of swallowing is voluntary.
    • in the middle third, mixed
    • Lower third is smooth muscle
  • Serosa
    • Mostly just CT (adventitia)
    • Where it penetrates the diagragm (last part), has a mesothelia covering (so a true serosa).

Stomach

  • Txn from esoph to stomach: squamous non-kera epith to simple columnar epithelium.
  • Also, we start to see tubular glands.
  • There are four parts: cardia (ring where esoph and stomach meet), fundus, body (fundus and body look same histologically), and pylorus (looks different).
  • Lned with surface mucus cells.
  • Surface invaginates into pits where glands empty.
  • Diff between pit and gland:
    • Pit is an invagination, covered with surface mucous cells.
    • Glands empty contents into pits; not made of surface mucus cells.
  • Rugae are longitudinal folds in the stomach for expansion.
    • A fold in the mucosa of the stomach.
    • The whole mucosa folds up, not the muscularis externae.
    • In the center is the submucosa.


  • The cardia has pits with some mucusy glands.


  • The fundus / body have glands with a neck and base (base stains more basophilically).
    • At the base, staining dark are chief cells that make pepsinogen so they have lots of protein production and packaging stuff that makes them dark.
    • Parietal cells of the fundus / body make acids.
      • Sometimes have two nuclei.
    • The neck region has parietal and undiffed cells.
    • Base has parietal and chief cells.
      • Recall that chief are much darker staining (basophilic).


  • The pylorus has deep pits and shorter mucusy glands.


  • Pylorus into the small intestine:
    • Pits and glands convert into villi.


  • stopped here on 02/09/2011 at 2PM.
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