Endocrine - Revision history

37.233.27.142: xYAV2q Hey there, You have done a fantastic job. I will definitely digg it and personally suggest to my friends. I am confident they'll be benefited from this site.

37.233.27.142 — Fri, 06 Feb 2015 07:52:14 GMT

xYAV2q Hey there, You have done a fantastic job. I will definitely digg it and personally suggest to my friends. I am confident they'll be benefited from this site.

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-	~~Si9BsH Wow~~, ~~marvelous blog structure! How lengthy~~ have ~~you ever been running~~ a ~~blog for? you made blogging glance easy~~. ~~The overall glance of your website is great, as well as the content!~~	+	xYAV2q Hey there, You have done a fantastic job. I will definitely digg it and personally suggest to my friends. I am confident they'll be benefited from this site.

37.233.27.142: Si9BsH Wow, marvelous blog structure! How lengthy have you ever been running a blog for? you made blogging glance easy. The overall glance of your website is great, as well as the content!

37.233.27.142 — Fri, 16 Jan 2015 00:12:37 GMT

Si9BsH Wow, marvelous blog structure! How lengthy have you ever been running a blog for? you made blogging glance easy. The overall glance of your website is great, as well as the content!

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:12, 16 January 2015
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-	~~ArKT2C Thank~~ you ~~for your~~ blog ~~article.Really thank~~ you~~! Really Great~~.	+	Si9BsH Wow, marvelous blog structure! How lengthy have you ever been running a blog for? you made blogging glance easy. The overall glance of your website is great, as well as the content!

37.233.27.142: ArKT2C Thank you for your blog article.Really thank you! Really Great.

37.233.27.142 — Sun, 15 Dec 2013 14:33:25 GMT

ArKT2C Thank you for your blog article.Really thank you! Really Great.

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-	*started here on 03/24/11.	+	ArKT2C Thank you for your blog article.Really thank you! Really Great.
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-	~~yB2QWh Muchos Gracias~~ for your blog. ~~Will read on..~~.	+

192.162.19.11: yB2QWh Muchos Gracias for your blog. Will read on...

192.162.19.11 — Sun, 08 Sep 2013 01:21:38 GMT

yB2QWh Muchos Gracias for your blog. Will read on...

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149.166.33.15: Undo revision 1529 by 76.116.112.157 (Talk)

149.166.33.15 — Wed, 09 Nov 2011 17:10:27 GMT

Undo revision 1529 by 76.116.112.157 (Talk)

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76.116.112.157: 3MlH0I I`m so grateful that you enlightened me and the most important thing that it happened in time. Just think, I have been using the internet for six years already but it`s the first time I`ve ever

76.116.112.157 — Thu, 29 Sep 2011 13:56:57 GMT

3MlH0I I`m so grateful that you enlightened me and the most important thing that it happened in time. Just think, I have been using the internet for six years already but it`s the first time I`ve ever

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149.166.24.214: /* Lab */

149.166.24.214 — Wed, 13 Apr 2011 19:34:55 GMT

Lab

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:34, 13 April 2011
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	*Bone also releases '''osteocalcin''' which has been shown to be associated with poor fertility when deficient.		*Bone also releases '''osteocalcin''' which has been shown to be associated with poor fertility when deficient.
-
-
-	~~==Lab==~~

149.166.24.78: /* Adrenal cortex */

149.166.24.78 — Thu, 07 Apr 2011 17:37:42 GMT

Adrenal cortex

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	http://ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/39_11.jpg		http://ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/39_11.jpg
-
	http://ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/39_03.jpg		http://ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/39_03.jpg

149.166.24.78 at 17:37, 7 April 2011

149.166.24.78 — Thu, 07 Apr 2011 17:37:03 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:37, 7 April 2011
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	**The two functional units are the cortex and the medulla.		**The two functional units are the cortex and the medulla.
	***The cortex and the medulla have different embryological origins and different functions and morphology.		***The cortex and the medulla have different embryological origins and different functions and morphology.
		+
		+	http://www.histology-world.com/photomicrographs/adrenallabel.jpg

	=====Adrenal cortex=====		=====Adrenal cortex=====
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	**GoFaRe: Glomerulsoa, Fasciculata, Reteicularis		**GoFaRe: Glomerulsoa, Fasciculata, Reteicularis
	**GomiFacoRea: glomerulus-mineralocorticoids, fasciculata-corticoids, reticularis-androgens.		**GomiFacoRea: glomerulus-mineralocorticoids, fasciculata-corticoids, reticularis-androgens.
		+
		+	http://ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/39_11.jpg
		+
		+	http://ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/39_03.jpg


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	***Note that the reticularis mostly produces '''dehydroepiandosterone''' (a weak androgen) that can be converted into more potent androgens and then on to estrogens.		***Note that the reticularis mostly produces '''dehydroepiandosterone''' (a weak androgen) that can be converted into more potent androgens and then on to estrogens.
	**The reticularis can be differentiated from the fasciculata by less organized cellular collections, more eosinophilic staining (pinker, think about the granules of norepi and epi),		**The reticularis can be differentiated from the fasciculata by less organized cellular collections, more eosinophilic staining (pinker, think about the granules of norepi and epi),
		+
		+	http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/clerk/groover/Fig1.jpg
		+
		+	http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_%26_Physiology/A%26P202/Endocrine_System/histology_jpgs/adrenal_40x_P2252261lbd.JPG
		+
		+	http://wikis.lib.ncsu.edu/images/7/7a/Adrenalcortex.JPG
		+
		+	http://www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/cen/cenzgf.GIF
		+
		+	http://withfriendship.com/images/i/43179/adrenal-medulla-hormones.jpg

	=====Adrenal medulla=====		=====Adrenal medulla=====
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	*Chromaffin cells stain lightly with euchromatin chunks visible in the nucleus.		*Chromaffin cells stain lightly with euchromatin chunks visible in the nucleus.
	*Cell density within the medulla is less than that of the cortex.		*Cell density within the medulla is less than that of the cortex.
		+
		+	http://wikis.lib.ncsu.edu/images/5/50/Adrenalmedu.jpg
		+
		+	http://www.deltagen.com/target/histologyatlas/atlas_files/endocrine/adrenal_gland_medulla_40x.jpg
		+
		+	http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab24/IMAGES/ADMEDULL.jpg
		+
		+	http://histology-world.com/photoalbum/albums/uploads/normal_medulla40X_lbl.jpg

	====Origin, organization, and secretion of the Pancreas====		====Origin, organization, and secretion of the Pancreas====
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	*F / pp cells make pancreatic peptide.		*F / pp cells make pancreatic peptide.
	*Islets of Langerhans are generally easily recognized as they stain a different shade or hue than the exocrine acinar tissue of the exocrine pancreas.		*Islets of Langerhans are generally easily recognized as they stain a different shade or hue than the exocrine acinar tissue of the exocrine pancreas.
		+
		+	http://www.daviddarling.info/images/islets_of_Langerhans.gif
		+
		+	http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/pancreas/islets.jpg
		+
		+	http://www.medicalhistology.us/twiki/pub/Main/ChapterThirteenSlides/b36_interlobular_duct_pancreas_10x_labeled.jpg
		+
		+	http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/Stem_Cells/Image3.gif

	====Origin, organization, and secretion of the Thyroid====		====Origin, organization, and secretion of the Thyroid====
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	**Oxyphil cells are often found in clusters at the center of the parathyroid gland or near the perimeter.		**Oxyphil cells are often found in clusters at the center of the parathyroid gland or near the perimeter.
	http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/40_06.jpg		http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/40_06.jpg
		+
		+	http://www.bu.edu/histology/i/15002loa.jpg
		+
		+	http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/endocrines/wp_images%5C137_cells.gif
		+
		+	http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat2/histology/Image514.gif

	=====Primary hyperparathyroidism=====		=====Primary hyperparathyroidism=====
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	*Organs that have diffuse endocrine tissue include the '''heart, kidney, thymus, gut, and gonads'''.		*Organs that have diffuse endocrine tissue include the '''heart, kidney, thymus, gut, and gonads'''.
	*We often think of this diffuse set of endocrine cells as having '''primarily paracrine effects''' on nearby cells of the host tissue (like cardiomyocytes in the heart, etc.).		*We often think of this diffuse set of endocrine cells as having '''primarily paracrine effects''' on nearby cells of the host tissue (like cardiomyocytes in the heart, etc.).
		+	*An example of these diffuse endocrine cells...
		+	Get duodenum and cardiac examples form audio.
		+
		+	=====Bone as an endcrine organ=====
		+	*We are beginning to understand that bone is an important regulator of aspects of physiology.
		+	*Two major signals are released by bone to affect physiology: FGF23 and uOCN.
		+
		+
		+	*FGF23 is released by the bone and causes:
		+	**Kidneys decrease phosphate (Pi) reabsorption resulting in decreased serium Pi.
		+	**Kidneys decrease 1,25VitD activation resulting in decreased serum 1,25OH VitD.
		+
		+
		+	*uOCN is released by the bone and causes:
		+	**Pancreatic beta cells to increase insulin release resulting in decreased serum glucose.
		+	**Adipocytes to increase adiponectin resulting in changes to glucose and fatty acid catabolism.
		+	**Muscle to increase sensitivity to and uptake of glucose resulting in decreased serum glucose.
		+
		+
		+	*Bone also releases '''osteocalcin''' which has been shown to be associated with poor fertility when deficient.
		+
		+
		+	==Lab==

149.166.24.78 at 17:08, 7 April 2011

149.166.24.78 — Thu, 07 Apr 2011 17:08:37 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:08, 7 April 2011
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	*The infundibulum is the combination of the infudibular stalk and the pars tuberalis, from the neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis, respectively.		*The infundibulum is the combination of the infudibular stalk and the pars tuberalis, from the neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis, respectively.
	http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f20-4_pituitary_gland_c.jpg		http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f20-4_pituitary_gland_c.jpg
		+
		+	http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/38_11.jpg


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	**Chromophobic cells: stem cells, degranulated cells that would otherwise be chromophilic (see acidophilic and basophilic).		**Chromophobic cells: stem cells, degranulated cells that would otherwise be chromophilic (see acidophilic and basophilic).
	**'''Differentiating cell types is not possible with light microscope''', only by trasmission electron microscopy can these hormone producing cells be differentiated.		**'''Differentiating cell types is not possible with light microscope''', only by trasmission electron microscopy can these hormone producing cells be differentiated.
		+	http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/histology/endocrine/hya40he.jpg


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	**The reticularis deepest (below the fasciculata) and is responsible for production of '''androgens''' which can also be converted to '''estrogens'''.		**The reticularis deepest (below the fasciculata) and is responsible for production of '''androgens''' which can also be converted to '''estrogens'''.
	***Note that the reticularis mostly produces '''dehydroepiandosterone''' (a weak androgen) that can be converted into more potent androgens and then on to estrogens.		***Note that the reticularis mostly produces '''dehydroepiandosterone''' (a weak androgen) that can be converted into more potent androgens and then on to estrogens.
-	**The reticularis can be differentiated from the fasciculata by less organized cellular collections, more eosinophilic staining (pinker, think about the granules of norepi and epi).	+	**The reticularis can be differentiated from the fasciculata by less organized cellular collections, more eosinophilic staining (pinker, think about the granules of norepi and epi),

	=====Adrenal medulla=====		=====Adrenal medulla=====
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	**Norepinephrine-producing neurons are found near medullary arteries.		**Norepinephrine-producing neurons are found near medullary arteries.
	**Epinephrine-producing neurons are found near cortical sinuses.		**Epinephrine-producing neurons are found near cortical sinuses.
		+	*Chromaffin cells stain lightly with euchromatin chunks visible in the nucleus.
		+	*Cell density within the medulla is less than that of the cortex.
		+
		+	====Origin, organization, and secretion of the Pancreas====
		+	*Recall that the pancreas is a mixed organ (exocrine and edocrine) with exocrine acinar tissue making up the primary structure.
		+	**Recall that acinar of the exocrine tissue secrete gastric enzymes onto an epithelial duct system that enters the epithelium of the GI tract.
		+	*The endocrine portion of the pancreas arises '''from endodermal tissue near the bile duct'''.
		+	**The notes also say that the endocrine protion arises '''from epithelium of the gut'''.
		+	*The '''islets of Langerhans are the endocrine portion of the pancreas'''.
		+	*The islets of langerhans are '''surrounded by a capsule of reticular fibers''' that separate them from the exocrine tissue.
		+	*There are four cell types in the endocrine islets of langerhans: beta, alpha, delta, and F / pp cells (by abundance).
		+	*Beta cells make insulin.
		+	*Alpha cells make glucagon.
		+	*Delta cells make somatostatin.
		+	*F / pp cells make pancreatic peptide.
		+	*Islets of Langerhans are generally easily recognized as they stain a different shade or hue than the exocrine acinar tissue of the exocrine pancreas.
		+
		+	====Origin, organization, and secretion of the Thyroid====
		+	*The thyroid gland originates from the '''foregut endoderm''', near the base of the tongue.
		+	*The thyroid gland sits anterior to the larynx in the cervical area.
		+	*The parenchyma of the thyroid gland is composed of epithelial cell funtional units called follicles.
		+	**Parenchyma: "the functional part of an organ, as opposed to supporting tissue; the tissue making up most of the non-woody parts of a plant" per [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parenchyma wiktionary]
		+	**Thyroid follicles have a simple epithelial ring of cells and a lumen within that is filled with colloid.
		+	*'''Within or between''' the follicles can be found '''C cells (parafollicular cells)''' which produce '''calcitonin'''.
		+	**Recall that calcitonin regulates serum calcium by decrease absorption at the gut, decreasing reabsorption at the bone, and increase excretion at the kidney.
		+
		+
		+	*Thyroid hormones are T3 and T4.
		+	*Iodide is required for production of T3 and T4.
		+	*Production, storage, and release of thyroid hormones '''involves both endocrine and exocrine functions'''.
		+	*Synthesis of T3, T4:
		+	**Thyroglobulin made in RER, glycocylated in RER / golgi, and moved into the lumen.
		+	**Iodide absorbed at basolateral surface (from blood) and oxidized at apical surface.
		+	**Tyrosine residues of thyrogobulin iodinated at apical surface of follicular epithelial cells.
		+	**Thyroglobulin pinocytized by follicular cells, fused with lysosomes, cut up to release T3 and T4.
		+	**T3 / T4 released into blood at basolateral surface.
		+
		+
		+	http://img.tfd.com/vet/thumbs/gr387.jpg
		+
		+	http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat2/histology/thyroid4F.jpg
		+
		+	http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P202/Endocrine_System/histology_jpgs/thyroid_400x_P2252255lbd.JPG
		+
		+	http://ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/42_04.jpg
		+
		+	http://www.drharper.ca/images/HPT%20Axis.gif
		+
		+	====Origin, organization, and secretion of the Parathyroid glands====
		+	*The Parathyroid gland '''arises from the pharyngeal pouches'''.
		+	*Like the adrenal glands, the parathyroid glands have a '''capsule with septa that run inward'''.
		+	*The parathyroid gland is composed of two cell populations: chief cells and oxyphil cells.
		+
		+
		+	*Chief cells:
		+	**Chief cells produce '''PTH which serves to increase serum''' by increasing absorption at the gut (via increased activation of vitD to 1,25 vitD), increasing reabsorption at the bone, and decreasing loss at the kidney.
		+	**Chief cells '''contain granules eosinophilic granules of PTH'''.
		+	**Note that regulation of chief cell PTH release is an '''inhibition of inhibitoin mechanism: when serum Ca levels decrease, fewere Ca-receptors bind Ca (the ligand) causing a decrease in intracellular signaling and an increase of PTH release'''.
		+
		+
		+	*Oxyphil cells:
		+	**The function of oxyphil cells is unknown; however it is known that they arise during puberty.
		+	**Oxyphil cells are '''larger than chief cells''' with an acidophilic cytoplasm and '''abnormally shaped mt'''.
		+	**Oxyphil cells are often found in clusters at the center of the parathyroid gland or near the perimeter.
		+	http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/40_06.jpg
		+
		+	=====Primary hyperparathyroidism=====
		+	*Primary hyperparathyroidism is a defect with the parathyroid itself causing an '''an elevation of PTH'''.
		+	**Elevated PTH causes increased bone reabsorption, decreased stature, fractures, et cetera.
		+	*Animals infused with Ca had more trabeculae, increased bone density, and shorter bone length.
		+	*Giving PTH intermittently to post-menopausal women is associated with decreased risk of bone fracture.
		+	**This makes sense when you understand that '''continuous administration of PTH causes bone loss yet intermittent PTH administration causes increases in bone mass'''.
		+
		+	====Origin, organization, and secretion of the Pineal gland====
		+	*The pineal gland arises from '''neuroectoderm from the floor of the diencephalon''' (just like the neurohypophysis).
		+	*The pineal gland is pine-cone shaped and covered with connective tissue.
		+	**This pine-cone shaped pineal gland is located in the '''posterior aspect of the third ventricle'''.
		+	http://www.rickrichards.com/chakras/pituitary_brain2a.jpg
		+	*The pineal gland contains pinealocytes, interstitial glial cells (like astrocytes).
		+	*The pinealocytes produce '''melatonin''' and thus take part in daily rhythmicity.
		+	*'''Rene Descarts''' explained human behavior and thought via the pineal gland because of its involvement in sensation, imagination, memory, and bodily movement.
		+
		+	http://ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/41_02.jpg
		+
		+	http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/histology/endocrine/pin42he.jpg
		+
		+	====Origin, organization, and secretion of the Diffuse Neuro-endocrine system====
		+	*We now know that many diffuse organs contain hormone-secreting endocrine cells that are important in physiological regulation of the body.
		+	*Organs that have diffuse endocrine tissue include the '''heart, kidney, thymus, gut, and gonads'''.
		+	*We often think of this diffuse set of endocrine cells as having '''primarily paracrine effects''' on nearby cells of the host tissue (like cardiomyocytes in the heart, etc.).