Circulatory lecture notes - Revision history

Admin: moved Circulatory lectures to Circulatory lecture notes

Admin — Wed, 17 Mar 2010 14:19:07 GMT

moved Circulatory lectures to Circulatory lecture notes

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Revision as of 14:19, 17 March 2010

149.166.132.172: /* Circulatory shock= */

149.166.132.172 — Mon, 08 Mar 2010 20:04:35 GMT

Circulatory shock=

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:04, 8 March 2010
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	**EPO will be released to increase RBCs.		**EPO will be released to increase RBCs.

-	====Circulatory shock=====	+	====Circulatory shock====
	*Shock is when you cannot maintain normal flow through the system.		*Shock is when you cannot maintain normal flow through the system.
	*Hypovolemic shock is a low blood volume, caused by vomiting, diahhrea, blood loss, etc.		*Hypovolemic shock is a low blood volume, caused by vomiting, diahhrea, blood loss, etc.

149.166.8.158: /* Veins */

149.166.8.158 — Sun, 07 Mar 2010 21:42:06 GMT

Veins

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	*Muscular pump:		*Muscular pump:
	**Veins have one-way valve.		**Veins have one-way valve.
-	**When muscle flexes, it squeezes the vein and ~~muscle~~ can only go toward heart because of valves.	+	**When muscle flexes, it squeezes the vein and blood can only go toward heart because of valves.
	*Respiratory pump		*Respiratory pump
	**During inspiration, the diaphragm is moving and the skeletal muscles are contracting.		**During inspiration, the diaphragm is moving and the skeletal muscles are contracting.

134.68.180.102: /* General control */

134.68.180.102 — Sun, 07 Mar 2010 21:09:32 GMT

General control

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	**The MABP is not just the average of systolic and diastolic.		**The MABP is not just the average of systolic and diastolic.
	**It is the diastolic + 1/3rd of the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures.		**It is the diastolic + 1/3rd of the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures.
-	*So, if the cardiac output rises to to increased stroke volume or HV, then the BP also rises.	+	*So, if the cardiac output rises to to increased stroke volume or HR, then the BP also rises.

	====Blood flow in capillaries====		====Blood flow in capillaries====

149.166.132.154: /* Autoregulation */

149.166.132.154 — Wed, 03 Mar 2010 22:52:21 GMT

Autoregulation

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	***This makes sense because they are released in inflammatiion / clotting.		***This makes sense because they are released in inflammatiion / clotting.
	*Response to oxygen:		*Response to oxygen:
-	**In the systemic ~~system,~~ vessels will dilate ~~if there is low oxygen~~ to ~~increase~~ blood ~~flow. In~~ the ~~pulmonary circulation if there is low blood flow, they will constrict to increase~~ the ~~speed of blood flow~~.	+	**When oxygen levels are low, the systemic vessels will dilate to slow blood down so the oxygen can be dumped off at the tissues.
-	***This makes because constriction will reduce the cell to surface area ratio such that all the RBCs that go through the pulmonary circuit will have a chance for gas exchange.	+	**When oxygen levels are low, the pulmonary vessels will constrict to increase ''blood velocity'' in order to absorb oxygen from the air at a faster rate.
-	~~In response to~~ low ~~oxygen~~, ~~systemic vessels dilate and~~ pulmonary vessels will constrict~~, right?~~	+
-	~~So does~~ blood velocity ~~increase or decrease~~ in the ~~pulmonary circuit?~~	+
-	~~What happens in the pulmonary circuit in the case of decrease blood flow and in the case of decreased blood oxygen~~.	+

	======Neural controls======		======Neural controls======

149.166.8.202: /* Alterations in blood pressure */

149.166.8.202 — Wed, 03 Mar 2010 19:51:57 GMT

Alterations in blood pressure

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	====Alterations in blood pressure====		====Alterations in blood pressure====
-	*Hypotension: a chronic low blood pressure. ~~CAn~~ be caused by:	+	*Hypotension: a chronic low blood pressure. Can be caused by:
	**starvation (low protein in blood)		**starvation (low protein in blood)
		+	***This makes sense because you won't generate proteins and the viscocity of the blood will decrease.
	**Addison's disease (inadequate adrenal cortex funcion)		**Addison's disease (inadequate adrenal cortex funcion)
-	**Hypothyroidism (~~runing the metabolism too much~~)	+	***This makes sense because it won't make aldosterone so you can't regulate blood volume.
-	**Orthostatic hypotension.	+	**Hypothyroidism (this will cause an increased metabolic rate)
		+	Why would this cause hypotension?
		+	**Orthostatic hypotension:
		+	***Blood is not flowing correctly, perhaps still in the peripheral.
	*Circulatory shock: talked about it already.		*Circulatory shock: talked about it already.
-	**~~Something about old~~ people.	+	**It is found more often in older people.
	*Hypertension		*Hypertension
	**Acute: fever, exercise, fear		**Acute: fever, exercise, fear
-	**Chronic: affects 28% of adult Americans	+	**Chronic: affects 28% of adult Americans.
-	***Over 50 ~~is about~~ 55%.	+	***Over age of 50, 55% of people have chronic hypertension.

	*done with cardiovascular system.		*done with cardiovascular system.

149.166.8.202: /* Exercise */

149.166.8.202 — Wed, 03 Mar 2010 19:40:11 GMT

Exercise

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	*Muscle activity is increased so blood gets moved there.		*Muscle activity is increased so blood gets moved there.
	*Breathing rate has increased to get more oxygen but also increased venous return because the respiratory return is going fast.		*Breathing rate has increased to get more oxygen but also increased venous return because the respiratory return is going fast.
-	*There is increased venous return is increased.
	*Frank Starling's principle is in effect: more blood comes in, more blood gets pumped.		*Frank Starling's principle is in effect: more blood comes in, more blood gets pumped.
-	*~~Missed the last point~~.	+	*There is also increased heart rate in response to low oxygen..

	=====Blood loss=====		=====Blood loss=====

149.166.8.202: /* Neural controls */

149.166.8.202 — Wed, 03 Mar 2010 19:39:30 GMT

Neural controls

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:39, 3 March 2010
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	**When stimulated, they cause vasoconstriction.		**When stimulated, they cause vasoconstriction.
	**Chemoreceptors have systemic effects, including the pulmonary branc, not just local.		**Chemoreceptors have systemic effects, including the pulmonary branc, not just local.
		+	**Found mostly in arteries.
		+	**Also affects respiratory rate.

	*Higher brain centers:		*Higher brain centers:
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	**Adrenal medulary hormones:		**Adrenal medulary hormones:
	***Epi, norepi: vasoconstrictive, except for skeletal and cardiac muscle.		***Epi, norepi: vasoconstrictive, except for skeletal and cardiac muscle.
-	***ADH, AVP: produced by hypothalamus, released by posterior pit, released in response to decreased blood volume or increases osmotic concentration. If levels are high enough, it will cause vasoconstriction. It stimulates the kidney to retain water.	+	***ADH, AVP: produced by hypothalamus, released by posterior pit, released in response to decreased blood volume or increases in osmotic concentration. If levels are high enough, it will cause vasoconstriction. It stimulates the kidney to retain water.
	***Renin-angiotensisn-aldosterone axis: when blood volume falls, renin is released which increases angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is vasoconstrictive and causes the release of aldosterone (long lasting steroid) and ADH (fast acting protein) which increase salt and water retention by the kidney. Aldosterone and ADH work on calcium and sodium channels (though I don't know which one is which). ADH also yields thirst.		***Renin-angiotensisn-aldosterone axis: when blood volume falls, renin is released which increases angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is vasoconstrictive and causes the release of aldosterone (long lasting steroid) and ADH (fast acting protein) which increase salt and water retention by the kidney. Aldosterone and ADH work on calcium and sodium channels (though I don't know which one is which). ADH also yields thirst.
-	***EPO: causes increase in RBC, which increases ~~viscocity~~, so we must consider this when thinking about how to regulate BP.	+	***EPO: causes increase in RBC, which increases viscosity, so we must consider this when thinking about how to regulate BP.
-	***ANF (atrial naturetic factor / peptide): this is the exact opposite of ADH. It is a peptide hormone. This hormone is released by the cardiac atria upon increased pressure (particularly ~~vatrial~~ return). The immediate affect is vasodilation. Long term, ANH causes the kidneys to excrete salt and water.	+	***ANF (atrial naturetic factor / peptide): this is the exact opposite of ADH. It is a peptide hormone. This hormone is released by the cardiac atria upon increased pressure (particularly atrial return). The immediate affect is vasodilation. Long term, ANH causes the kidneys to excrete salt and water.
	***Alcohol: immediate depresses vasomotor center which promotes vasodilation and gives you a flushed look. It also inhibits ADH and thus makes you have to go the bathroom.		***Alcohol: immediate depresses vasomotor center which promotes vasodilation and gives you a flushed look. It also inhibits ADH and thus makes you have to go the bathroom.
		+	On Friday, go over the related pictures.

	*Illustration of changes in blood pumping rate and where all the blood gets directed and in what amounts.		*Illustration of changes in blood pumping rate and where all the blood gets directed and in what amounts.

149.166.8.202: /* Neural controls */

149.166.8.202 — Wed, 03 Mar 2010 19:30:12 GMT

Neural controls

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	*There are lots of receptors yielding input for the neural control system:		*There are lots of receptors yielding input for the neural control system:
	**Baroreceptors, higher brain centers, chemoreceptors, and propriocenters.		**Baroreceptors, higher brain centers, chemoreceptors, and propriocenters.
-	*The major affect on peripheral constriction is the ~~...~~.	+	*The major affect on peripheral constriction is the sympathetic system.
-	*Smooth muscle and peripheral tissue are ~~being vasoconstricting~~:	+	*Smooth muscle and peripheral tissue are vasoconstricted:
-	**~~Most~~ veins.	+	**Mostly veins in order to release the resevoired blood.
	*The sympathetic system vasoconstrics only the veins, the periphery, and the ... not the heart or brain.		*The sympathetic system vasoconstrics only the veins, the periphery, and the ... not the heart or brain.
		+	*In skeletal muscle, heart, and brain, sympathetic causes dilation of arteries.

	*Baroreceptors:		*Baroreceptors:

149.166.8.202: /* Autoregulation */

149.166.8.202 — Wed, 03 Mar 2010 19:25:08 GMT

Autoregulation

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:25, 3 March 2010
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	**In the systemic system, vessels will dilate if there is low oxygen to increase blood flow. In the pulmonary circulation if there is low blood flow, they will constrict to increase the speed of blood flow.		**In the systemic system, vessels will dilate if there is low oxygen to increase blood flow. In the pulmonary circulation if there is low blood flow, they will constrict to increase the speed of blood flow.
	***This makes because constriction will reduce the cell to surface area ratio such that all the RBCs that go through the pulmonary circuit will have a chance for gas exchange.		***This makes because constriction will reduce the cell to surface area ratio such that all the RBCs that go through the pulmonary circuit will have a chance for gas exchange.
		+	In response to low oxygen, systemic vessels dilate and pulmonary vessels will constrict, right?
		+	So does blood velocity increase or decrease in the pulmonary circuit?
		+	What happens in the pulmonary circuit in the case of decrease blood flow and in the case of decreased blood oxygen.

	======Neural controls======		======Neural controls======