Editing Constitution

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==<center>'''TITLE I'''</center>==
<center>Sole Chapter<br><u>Fundamental Statements</u></center>

<u>Article 1.</u> The Republic of _____ is irrevocably and forever free and independent from any domination or protection by a foreign power.

<u>Article 2.</u> It shall never be the patrimony of any person or of any family.

<u>Article 3.</u> The government of the Republic of _____ is and always shall be democratic, representative, responsible, and alternating.

<u>Article 4.</u> Political power resides in the people, who exercise it directly through election, initiative, and referendum, and indirectly through their representatives in the government of the State.

<u>Article 5.</u> No person or assembly of persons has authority to arrogate the title or representation of the people, to usurp its rights, or to make demands in its name. Violation of this precept constitutes a crime.

<u>Article 6.</u> The government of the Republic is exercised by the legislative branch, the executive branch, the judicial branch, and the electoral branch.

<u>Article 7.</u> In the organization of the powers and institutions of the State, the principle of minority representation is established.

<u>Article 8.</u> The branches of the government shall function harmoniously in accomplishing the aims of the State. In the exercise of their particular functions, they are limited and independent.

<u>Article 9.</u> No magistracy, or person, or assembly of persons, not even under the pretext of extraordinary circumstances, is empowered to assume any other authority or rights than those that have been expressly conferred upon them by the laws. Every act in contravention of this article is void.

<u>Article 10.</u> Spanish is the national and official language of the State.

<u>Article 11.</u> The State has no official religion.

<u>Article 12.</u> The city of _____ is the capital of the Republic and the permanent seat of the branches of the government.

<u>Article 13.</u> This Constitution is the supreme law of the Nation. The treaties, conventions, and other international agreements ratified and exchanged, and the laws, make up the national positive law, in the order of precedence in which they are listed.

<u>Article 14.</u> The Republic recognizes the principles of international law; it condemns wars of aggression or of conquest and any form of colonialism or imperialism; it accepts the pacific settlement of international disputes by juridical means; and it proclaims its respect for human rights and the sovereignty of peoples. It hopes to live in peace with all nations and to maintain friendly cultural and trade relations with them on the basis of juridical equality, of nonintervention in internal affairs, and of the self-determination of peoples. The Republic may become a party to international multilateral systems of development, cooperation, and security.

<u>Article 15.</u> Navigation on the international rivers is free to ships of all flags. It shall also be free on internal rivers, subject to any regulations issued by the competent authority.

<u>Article 16.</u> The principles, guarantees, rights, and obligations established in this Constitution may not be altered by the laws that regulate their exercise. Any law, decree, regulation, or other act of authority that is contrary to its provisions is null and void.

==<center>'''TITLE II'''</center>==
<center>Chapter I<br><u>The National Territory</u></center>

<u>Article 17.</u> The national territory is that which belonged to the Viceroyalty of _____ before the political transformation initiated in 1820, with the modifications resulting from treaties validly concluded by the Republic. It also includes with the same status the adjacent islands, keys, headlands, banks, the submerged lands, the territorial sea and the continental shelf, as well as the air space, the stratosphere, and the entire undersea area of its sovereign domain according to international law.

<u>Article 18.</u> The national territory is indivisible, inalienable, and imprescriptible. It may never be ceded, transferred, or leased or alienated in any way, even partially or temporarily, to a foreign power.

Foreign States may acquire, within a specified area, under guarantee of reciprocity and with limitations established by law, only real property that is necessary for the seat of their diplomatic and consular representation. The acquisition of real property by international organizations may be authorized only in accordance with conditions and restrictions established by law. In al these cases sovereignty over the land is retained.

<center>Chapter II<br><u>Departmental Administration</u></center>

<u>Article 19.</u> For purposes of political organization the territory is divided into departments, and these into municipalities. The law shall establish the manner in which judicial and administrative decentralization is to take place.

<u>Article 20.</u> The law may merge existing departments, change their boundaries, create new departments, and authorize compensation or cession of territories among bordering developments, taking into account the physical and demographic characteristics, the means of communication, and the most desirable policy based on economic, social, cultural, and national defense considerations.

<u>Article 21.</u> The capital of the Republic is independent of any departmental territory. The law shall establish its limits.

<u>Article 22.</u> The political administration of each department shall be under the direction of a prefect appointed by the President of the Republic.

In each department, there shall be the police judges deemed necessary, likewise appointed by the President of the Republic.

The qualifications of these officials and their powers and duties shall be determined by law.

<center>Chapter III<br><u>Municipal Administration</u></center>

<u>Article 23.</u> The municipal councils shall enjoy economic and administrative autonomy, subject to the supervision of the executive branch. The law shall determine the procedure for guaranteeing this autonomy to the municipalities both in the political sphere as well as in the juridical, economic, and administrative spheres.

<u>Article 24.</u> The municipalities shall be governed by municipal councils, composed of a mayor, a councilman, and a treasurer, who shall be elected with their respective alternates by direct popular vote for a term of three years.

<u>Article 25.</u> To be a member of a municipal council it is necessary to be over twenty-one years of age, a citizen in the exercise of one's rights, a layman, have resided in the town for at least one year, and have no debts outstanding to the national treasury, municipal treasury, or the local social welfare board.

<u>Article 26.</u> The cases and forms in which members of the municipal councils shall be replaced shall be determined by law.

<u>Article 27.</u> The municipalities shall have exclusive competence in the government and administration of commercial interests, particularly those matters related to their assets and revenues and, in accordance with the law, in matters of urban development, food supply, education and culture, health care and social welfare, widows' and orphans' funds, traffic, tourism, and municipal inspection and police. The law may also authorize the establishment and operation of services of a national or departmental nature within the jurisdiction of the municipalities.

<u>Article 28.</u> The law may establish different systems for the organization, government, and administration of the municipalities, taking into account the conditions with respect to population, economic development, geographical location, and other factors that determine their development.

<u>Article 29.</u> Each city or town shall be the seat of a municipality and the obligatory headquarters of its authorities.

<u>Article 30.</u> The municipal councils are authorized to decree local laws and to impose local taxes that do not affect the incentives established by the General Law on Use of Natural Resources or the Law for Protection and Stimulation of Industrial Development.

The tax schedules and budgets of the municipal councils must be approved by the executive branch.

<u>Article 31.</u> Municipalities shall have the following revenues:

(1) The proceeds from their communal lands and their own property;
<br>(2) Excise taxes from the use of their property and services;
<br>(3) Licenses on industry, commerce and vehicles, and taxes on urban real property and public entertainment;
<br>(4) Fines imposed by municipal authorities and others attributed to them by law;
<br>(5) National subsidies and donations; and
<br>(6) Any other special taxes, excises and contributions that are imposed according to law.

<u>Article 32.</u> The property and revenue of the municipalities belong to them exclusively and enjoy the same guarantees as the property and income of private individuals.

No power of the State may encumber such property or income or grant exemptions from taxes payable to the municipalities.

<u>Article 33.</u> The funds of the municipalities shall be applied exclusively to services of the administration of the corresponding community.

<u>Article 34.</u> Real property of the municipalities is imprescriptible.

<u>Article 35.</u> The mayors of the municipalities shall be free to appoint the employees subordinate to them, in accordance with the law.

<u>Article 36.</u> It is prohibited to establish barriers or limitations to traffic between municipalities, as well as to decree intermunicipal transit or transport taxes under any name, that burden or interfere with the free circulation of goods, persons, or vehicles. However, taxes on local production payable to the municipal treasurers may be established by law.

<u>Article 37.</u> The staff members of the municipal councils shall be jointly and severally responsible for any abuses they may commit in the performance of their duties. Excepted from this rule are members who dissent from the acts that gave rise to the responsibility.

<u>Article 38.</u> The municipalities shall be entitled to proportional participation in the profits obtained by the State from the exploitation of natural resources granted to individuals in their respective jurisdictions. This principle shall be regulated by law.

<u>Article 39.</u> The executive power may intervene in the affairs of the municipalities in the following cases:

(1) At the request of the municipal council;
<br>(2) Because the disintegration of the municipal council makes it impossible for it to function;
<br>(3) When there is a budgetary deficit for two consecutive years; or
<br>(4) In the case of serious irregularity in certain limited circumstances determined by law.

Such intervention shall not be prolonged beyond ninety days. In case of disintegration of the council, elections to constitute the new elective authorities shall be held within that period of time. If the intervention results in the termination of the duties of the authorities, the elections to replace them shall be held within sixty days from the date of such termination.

==<center>'''TITLE III'''</center>==
<center>Chapter I<br><u>Nationality</u></center>

<u>Article 40.</u> ______ nationality is acquired by birth or by naturalization.

<u>Article 41.</u> The following are _____ by birth:

(1) Those born in the territory of _____. Children of aliens in the service of their governments are excepted, unless the child is registered in the Civil Registry by the will of the person having <u>patria potestas</u> over the minor while the latter is under age, or by his own will within three years following his eighteenth birthday;
<br>(2) Children of a _____ father or mother, born abroad, when they have _____ nationality by the law of the place of birth, or, having the right to choose, they elect to be _____; or from the time they reside in _____, provided they have not chosen the other nationality or, if they have, by renouncing it. Such persons are _____ even for the purposes for which the Constitution or the laws require birth in national territory;
<br>(3) Children of _____ born abroad, provided that, at the time, the father or the mother were in the service of the Republic in a foreign country, even for the purposes for which the Constitution or the laws require birth in national territory;
<br>(4) Infants of unknown parentage found in _____ territory;
<br>(5) Those born aboard _____ aircraft or seacraft, outside the jurisdiction of another State, with the exception established in paragraph (1) of this Article.

<u>Article 42.</u> The following are _____ by naturalization:

(1) Foreigners who obtain certificates of naturalization from the Ministry of Foreign Relations;
<br>(2) A foreign woman who marries a _____ man and has or establishes her domicile within the national territory; and
<br>(3) Foreign infants legally adopted by _____.

<u>Article 43.</u> Neither marriage nor its dissolution shall affect the nationality of the spouses or their children.

<u>Article 44.</u> _____ nationality is lost:

(1) By voluntary naturalization in a foreign country. A native _____ who loses it in this way shall recover his _____ nationality if at any time he returns to _____;
<br>(2) By cancelation of the certificate of naturalization;
<br>(3) By the voluntary absence of a naturalized _____ from the territory for more than five consecutive years, unless he shows that he has remained bound to the country;
<br>(4) When naturalized persons are convicted of treason against the country or they propagate political doctrines or ideologies that tend to destroy the republican or democratic form of government. In such cases, nationality may not be recovered.

The law shall regulate all matters pertaining to naturalization.

<u>Article 45.</u> No naturalized _____ may carry out, on behalf of _____, diplomatic functions in his country of origin.

<u>Article 46.</u> The obligations of _____ are:

(1) To comply with and obey this Constitution and the laws, as well as the decrees, resolutions, and other acts of authority that, in the exercise of their functions, the legitimate organs of the public powers may enact;
<br>(2) To honor and defend the fatherland, and to safeguard and protect the interests of the Nation;
<br>(3) To see that their children or wards, under fifteen years of age, attend public or private schools to obtain primary education during the time prescribed by the General Law on Public Education;
<br>(4) To earn their living through a lawful activity;
<br>(5) To contribute with their work to the overall development of the nation and its spiritual, moral, material, and cultural aggrandizement; and
<br>(6) To contribute to the public expenditures in the proportional and equitable manner provided by law.

<u>Article 47.</u> _____ shall have priority over foreigners under equality of circumstances for all classes of concessions and for all employment, positions, or commissions of the Government in which the status of citizenship is not indispensable. In time of peace no foreigner can serve in the National Guard nor in the police or public security forces.

<u>Article 48.</u> _____ cannot demand indemnity from the state for injuries to their person or property caused by acts that were not performed by legitimate officials in the exercise of their functions.

<center>Chapter II<br><u>Foreigners</u></center>

<u>Article 49.</u> Foreigners are those who do not possess the qualifications set forth in Articles 41 and 42.

<u>Article 50.</u> Foreigners enjoy in _____ all the civil rights and guarantees that are granted to _____, with the restrictions established by law.

They are bound to obey the laws, to respect the authorities, and to pay all the regular and special taxes to which _____ are subject.

<u>Article 51.</u> Foreigners are prohibited from intervening, directly or indirectly, in the national or international political activities of the country.

For violating this provision, without prejudice to any liability that may be incurred, they may be expelled without trial by the President of the Republic in Council of Ministers, unless the foreigner has a _____ spouse or a child by a _____, recognized prior to the events that led to the expulsion.

<u>Article 52.</u> Foreigners may not make claims or demand indemnification of any kind from the State except in the cases and in the manner in which Nicaraguans may do so.

<u>Article 53.</u> The rules and conditions for the expulsion of foreigners from national territory, as well as the cases in which they may be denied the right to enter or remain in the country, shall be determined by law.

<u>Article 54.</u> Foreigners may not resort to diplomatic channels except in case of denial of justice. The fact that a decision is unfavorable to the claimant is not to be understood as a denial of justice. Those who violate this provision shall lose the right to reside in the country.

<u>Article 55.</u> Foreigners may not be extradited for political crimes or for common crimes related thereto. The characteristics of each type are determined by law and treaties.

<center>Chapter III<br><u>Citizenship</u></center>

<u>Article 56.</u> The following are citizens:

(1) _____ over twenty-one years of age;
<br>(2) _____ over eighteen years of age who know how to read and write or are married; and
<br>(3) _____ under eighteen years of age who have completed secondary education.

<u>Article 57.</u> The following are prerogatives of citizens:

(1) To vote in popular elections;
<br>(2) To be voted for, for all offices subject to popular election, and to be appointed to any other employment or commission, if they have the qualifications established by law;
<br>(3) To associate together to discuss the political affairs of the country;
<br>(4) To bear arms in the National Guard in the defense of the Republic and its institutions, under the provisions prescribed by law; and
<br>(5) To exercise in all cases the right of petition.

<u>Article 58.</u> The following are obligations of citizens:

(1)

==<center>'''TITLE IV'''<br><u>Rights and Guarantees</u></center>==
<center>Chapter I<br><u>Individual Rights</u></center>

<u>Article.</u> The inhabitants of the Republic have the right of protection in the enjoyment of life, honor, liberty, security, labor, and property. No one may be deprived of these rights except in conformity with laws which may be enacted for reasons of general interest.

<u>Article.</u> Human life is inviolable. However, the death penalty is established for the following crimes: high treason committed during a war against a foreign enemy; serious crimes of a purely military nature, and crimes of murder, patricide, or arson or robbery followed by death, and accompanied by serious circumstances determined by law.

<u>Article.</u> All persons are equal before the law, no other distinctions being recognized among them save those of talent and virtue.

<u>Article.</u> No titles of nobility, or hereditary or prerogatives or honors shall be granted in _____, nor shall any effect be given to those granted by other countries.

<u>Article.</u> This Constitution upholds the equality of the civil and political rights of men and women, whose correlative duties shall be established in the law, attending to the purposes of matrimony and to the unity of the family.

<u>Article.</u> Slavery is forbidden in _____. Slaves who enter national territory from abroad shall, by this act alone, recover their freedom and enjoy the protection afforded by the laws.

<u>Article.</u> All inhabitants of the Republic have the right to free development of their personality, with no limitations other than those derived from the rights of others and from considerations of public and social order.

<u>Article.</u> Private acts that do not offend public order or morals or harm others are exempt from the authority of the magistrates. No inhabitant of the Republic may be forced to do anything that the law does not require, or prevented from doing anything not forbidden by law.

<u>Article.</u> Except when caught in the act of committing a crime, persons may be arrested only by written warrant issued by the competent authority. No person whatsoever may be detained for more than twenty-four hours without being advised for the reason for his detention, nor shall he be kept detained other than in his domicile or in a public place designated for this purpose. The detention shall be brought to the knowledge of the competent judge within forty-eight hours. If the arrested person is held incommunicado, this condition may in no case be prolonged beyond that period of time, unless by judicial order.

<u>Article.</u> In the investigation of punishable offenses, the accused shall have access to the charges against him in the summary hearing, and to all means of defense prescribed by law. The summary hearing is not secret, nor may it be prolonged beyond the legally established time.

<u>Article.</u> No person may be prosecuted without a trial based upon a law executed prior to the commission of the offense, nor may he be tried by a special court.

<u>Article.</u> Defense of the person and of rights in a trial or suit is inviolable. No one may be compelled to testify against himself, against his spouse, or against a relative within the fourth degree of consanguinity or the second degree of affinity. Acts of this nature render the statement void and make the persons who ordered or executed them responsible before the law.

<u>Article.</u> Trial shall be public. The defendant, either personally or by attorney, shall have the right to intervene beginning in the preliminary inquiry stage.

<u>Article.</u> Trial by jury is established for criminal cases involving the crimes established by law.

<u>Article.</u> In any stage of a criminal trial which will not result in a penitentiary sentence, judges may place the accused at liberty, under a bond as determined by law.

<u>Article.</u> The law presumes the innocence of anyone who has not been found guilty by a competent judge.

<u>Article.</u> Punishment does not extend beyond the person guilty.

<u>Article.</u> No one may be tried for the same offense for which he has previously been judged, nor deprived of his liberty for obligations the noncompliance with which has not been defined by law as a crime or violation. The imprisonment of debtors is not permitted.

<u>Article.</u> In no case shall the death penalty be applied for political reasons.

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel or inhuman treatment. Penal institutions must be adequate to the purpose, healthful, and clean; they shall be used only as a means of assuring that convicts and prisoners are reeducated, acquire an aptitude for work, and become rehabilitated.

<u>Article.</u> The penalty of confiscation of property may not be imposed for reasons of a political nature.

<u>Article.</u> It is prohibited to enact laws of banishment or that establish infamous punishment or punishment of more than thirty years' duration.

<u>Article.</u> No law shall have retroactive effect except those penal laws that are more favorable to the defendant or convicted person.

<u>Article.</u> The opening of closed trials or cases is prohibited. In criminal cases, however, the defendant may be granted a review of a closed case when more than a correctional penalty has been imposed. If in the review it is admitted that an error has been made, the state shall compensate the person unjustly punished.

<u>Article.</u> No public power or official may take action on cases pending before the competent authority.

<u>Article.</u> Any person who believes himself to be seriously injured or in imminent danger of being seriously injured by an illegal act or omission by an authority or by a private person in a right or guarantee established by this Constitution or the law, and who because of the urgency of the case cannot seek redress by ordinary means, may appear before any judge of first instance to seek protection. The procedure shall consist of a brief summary public hearing, without cost, and the judge shall have the power to safeguard the right or guarantee, or to reestablish immediately the juridical situation that had been infringed. The law shall regulate this procedure.

<u>Article.</u> No one is obliged to pay taxes or to render personal services not expressly established by law. Excessive bail shall not be required nor excessive fines imposed.

<u>Article.</u> _____ and aliens shall have the right to indemnity from the State or the municipalities for any damages or injuries caused to them by the legitimate authority in the exercise of its functions.

<u>Article.</u> In the event that a constitutional precept is violated to the detriment of any person, the order of a superior does not exempt from liability the agent who carries it out. Those in active military service are exempted from this provision, and with respect to them liability falls upon the superior who gave the order.

<u>Article.</u> No one may take justice into his own hands, or resort to violence to demand his rights; however, the defense of a person's own life, property and honor is guaranteed.

<u>Article.</u> The inhabitants of the Republic are entitled to have arms of any kind in their possession for their protection and legitimate defense, except such as are expressly forbidden by law, or which the nation may reserve for the exclusive use of the National Guard; but they may not carry arms within inhabited places without complying with police regulations.

<u>Article.</u> Every person may circulate freely throughout the national territory and choose his residence and domicile therein without being compelled to change it, except by virtue of a final judgment or in those cases of infectious and contagious diseases defined and regulated by law which require the isolation of the patient to prevent contagion.

<u>Article.</u> The right to emigrate and immigrate is recognized, with the limitations established by law.

<u>Article.</u> The home is inviolable. It may not be entered by force except to carry out a decision of a competent judicial authority or to prevent the perpetration of an imminent crime.

<u>Article.</u> No one shall be compelled to render aid of any kind to the National Guard, or to permit his house to be used for the billeting of troops except by order of a civil magistrate according to law, and in such cases he shall receive from the Republic indemnification for loss that may be incurred.

<u>Article.</u> Private papers, letters, and telegraph, telephone, and cable communications, or communications of any other type are inviolable. They may not be searched, examined, or intercepted unless by judicial order for specific cases. Accounting records, vouchers and documents shall be subject to inspection and control only by competent authorities and in accordance with the law. Domestic and private matters that have no bearing on the acts under investigation shall be kept secret at all times.

<u>Article.</u> Freedom of thought and of opinion are guaranteed on equal terms to all inhabitants of the Republic. It is forbidden to preach hatred or class struggle among _____, or to defend crime or violence. The laws may be criticized freely, but no one may proclaim disobedience to their provisions.

<u>Article.</u> Freedom of expression and of information without prior censorship are inviolable, and no law shall be enacted that limits such freedom or prevents it except in matters connected with the prohibitions contained in the previous article. In time of war information on matters relating to the security of the Republic and national defense may be censored.

<u>Article.</u> Journalism in any of its forms may be practiced freely. Press organs lacking responsible direction shall not be permitted, nor shall the publication of immoral subject matter be permitted.

Under no circumstances shall printing presses, the accessories thereof, or any other material means used to propagate ideas be confiscated as instruments of an offense.

Public shows may be subject to censorship as established by law.

<u>Article.</u> No person or enterprise that publishes a newspaper and no radio or television broadcasting station may receive a subsidy of public or private funds from abroad without authorization by the government.

<u>Article.</u> In suits brought on account of publications of any nature that may affect the honor, reputation, or dignity of individuals and that refer to offenses subject to private penal actions, or to acts of private conduct that this Constitution and the law declare to be exempt from the authority of the magistrates, evidence of the truth or of the notoriety of such acts shall not be admissible. Such evidence shall be admitted when the suit is brought because of the publication of criticism of the official conduct of public functionaries, and in the other cases expressly provided by law.

<u>Article.</u> The right of peaceful and unarmed public meetings is guaranteed. The exercise of this right may not be denied by any authority of the Republic except in accordance with law, and only insofar as such exercise may prejudice public health, safety or order.

<u>Article.</u> All persons have the right to form associations, for any purpose whatsoever, provided they do not form an association which the law has declared unlawful.

<u>Article.</u> Every person has the right to address petitions or claims in writing to the public powers and the authorities. The latter are obligated to act on such petitions or claims and to make known the results.

<u>Article.</u> The enumeration of the rights and guarantees contained in this Constitution shall not be construed as denying others, not specifically mentioned therein, that are inherent in the human being. Absence of a regulatory law shall not be invoked to deny or impair any right or guarantees.

<center>Chapter II<br><u>Economic Rights</u></center>

<u>Article.</u> The State shall promote economic development by means of the rational utilization of the resources available for the purpose of promoting vigorous growth of the national economy, creating new sources of work and wealth, and ensuring the general welfare. Development shall be promoted on the basis of overall programs founded upon principles of social justice that assure to all persons an existence that is compatible with human dignity.

<u>Article.</u> Property is inviolable. No one may be deprived of his property except by court decision, a general tax, or for public use or social interest and upon prior payment in cash of just compensation in accordance with the law.

In the event of a national emergency or public disaster, or for agrarian reform purposes in the case of uncultivated large landholdings, compensation may be made through bonds, the maturity, interest, and terms of which shall be determined by law.

<u>Article.</u> Property, by virtue of its social function, imposes obligations. The law shall determine their content, nature, and extent.

<u>Article.</u> The right of property, as far as its exercise is concerned, is subject to the limitations imposed by the maintenance and progress of the social order. The law may impose obligations or easements of public use and may regulate questions of rent.

<u>Article.</u> Commercial companies, national or foreign, are subject, without restrictions, to the laws of the Republic. In every state contract with foreigners, or in the concessions which grant them in the latters' favor, it must be expressly stated that they will submit to the laws and courts of the Republic and renounce all diplomatic claims.

<u>Article.</u> Foreigners, as regards property, are in the same condition as _____, without being able in any case to invoke an exceptional position in this respect or have recourse to diplomatic claims.

<u>Article.</u> The law may, for reasons of national interest, establish special restrictions and prohibitions for acquiring and transferring determined classes of property, whether this be by its nature, its condition, or its location in the territory.

<u>Article.</u> Every author, inventor, or investigator is the exclusive owner of his work, invention, or scientific discovery for the period of time determined by law.

<u>Article.</u> The State recognizes unrestricted freedom of trade, as well as of contract and industry. However, for reasons of general or national interest, transitory restrictions on this freedom may be established by law. 

The law shall set forth the requirements for exercising this freedom and the guarantees for protection thereof.

<u>Article.</u> A state of economic emergency may be decreed when the equilibrium of the monetary economy, the protection of the external financial position, or the stability and social well-being of the nation so requires.

<u>Article.</u> Monopolies in the private interest and any industrial or commercial market cornering are prohibited. Also prohibited is the granting of concessions involving the establishment of monopolies over the natural resources of the State.

Any action taken by the state to prevent monopolistic practices or tendencies is of public interest; the law may establish monopolies and state stores only in the national interest and for the benefit of the State or the municipalities.

However, the law may grant privileges for a limited time to inventors or persons who devise improvements in the field of industry.

<u>Article.</u> Usury is prohibited. The law setting a maximum limit on interest rates for money is a public order. The same law shall determine the penalty to be applied to the violation thereof.

<u>Article.</u> A special department, the functions of which shall be determined by law, shall exercise, on behalf of the State, the supervision of banking enterprises.

<u>Article.</u> The State shall maintain by the means at its disposal the stability of the currency and the free conversion of banknotes. Only in exceptional cases, at the request of the executive branch and with the assent of the agency entrusted with the regulation of the currency and the head of the department supervising banking enterprises, shall Congress have the power to pass a law decreeing temporary non-conversion of banknotes.

<u>Article.</u> The State must oversee the operation of enterprises, in order to guarantee the safety and health of the workers.

<u>Article.</u> Every enterprise, the nature of which requires that the personnel reside on the premises, shall be obliged to provide adequate food and lodging in accordance with conditions which the law may establish.

<u>Article.</u> Within fifty kilometers of the frontiers, foreigners may not acquire or possess, under any title, lands, waters, mines, or fuels directly or indirectly, individually or collectively, under pain of loss, to the benefit of the State, of the acquired property, except in the case of national necessity declared by express law. 

<u>Article.</u> The State has within its domain all the solid, liquid, and gaseous minerals found in their natural state in the territory of the Republic, with the exception of petrous, earthy, or calcareous substances. In cases in which the official agencies do not undertake the task, concessions may be granted, for a limited time only, for the prospecting, investigation, exploration, or exploitation of mineral deposits. The regulatory law shall take into account national defense requirements.

<u>Article.</u> The exploitation of natural resources within the domain of the State may be the object of concessions to private or mixed national enterprises, or to foreign private enterprises, by means of special laws enacted in each case. No concession shall be granted for an indefinite time, nor shall privileges be granted that deprive the State of a fair share of the profits of the exploitation of such resources.

<u>Article.</u> Railways, highways, water-supply lines, oil pipelines, and other private means of communication or transportation constructed by enterprises exploiting natural resources shall be at the service of the public under the conditions and limitations established by law, in such a way that the rights of those enterprises or the legitimate interests of the community are not prejudiced.

<u>Article.</u> The State may, for reasons of public interest, intervene in the operation and management of public service enterprises, and even nationalize them, subject to prior compensation.

<u>Article.</u> The right to reclaim property that has been unlawfully confiscated is imprescriptible.

<u>Article.</u> The rates for passages and freights shall, without any exception, be fixed and collected solely in national currency.

<u>Article.</u> The law may grant tax exemptions on the introduction of materials for education, for culture, and for scientific and technological research, and on machinery, equipment, tools and other materials essential to the development of agriculture, industry and mining.

<u>Article.</u> Any person may freely dispose of his property by any legal title. With respect to wills, they shall abide by the law regarding the conjugal portion and allowance for support.

Any entailment of property is prohibited, except those established for the purpose of constituting a family estate or in favor of social welfare establishments and official educational and cultural centers.

Trusts shall be regulated by law.

<u>Article.</u> Capital as a factor in development should serve an economic and social purpose in harmony and mutual cooperation with labor. The State shall promote the formation and consolidation of national capital and shall favor the investment of foreign capital in productive activities, as a supplement necessary for national development.

==<center>'''TITLE V'''<br><u>The Legislative Branch</u></center>==

==<center>'''TITLE VI'''<br><u>The Executive Branch</u></center>==

<center>Chapter III<br><u>The Council of Ministers</u></center>

<u>Article.</u> For the conduct of business corresponding to the executive branch there shall be Ministers of State. The law shall specify their number, their titles, and the departments of the administration corresponding to each.

Under the authority of the President of the Republic, they shall be in charge of the direction and management of the public services assigned to the respective administrative departments.

<u>Article.</u> The Ministers in assembly form the Council of Ministers. Its organization and function are determined by law. The Council of Ministers has its President.

<u>Article.</u> The President of the Republic appoints and removes the President of the Council of Ministers. He appoints and removes the other Ministers, on the proposal and with the agreement, respectively, of the President of the Council of Ministers.

<u>Article.</u> To be appointed Minister a person must have the same qualifications as for a senator.

Relatives of the President of the Republic within the fourth degree of consanguinity or second of affinity may not be Ministers.

<u>Artice.</u> There are no Ministers <u>pro tempore</u>. The President of the Republic may, on the proposal of the President of the Council of Ministers, entrust to a Minister, who retains his own Ministry, the charge of another in the event of vacancy or impediment on the part of the serving Minister, but this charge may not be prolonged for more than thirty days or be transferred successively to the other Ministers.

<u>Article.</u> The President of the Republic convokes extraordinarily and presides over the Council of Ministers; he has the right to preside over it when it is convoked ordinarily or extraordinarily by the President of the Council of Ministers.

Any decision of the Council of Ministers requires the affirmatory votes of the majority of its members.

<u>Article.</u> The Council of Ministers has a deliberative vote and a consultative vote in the cases specified by law.

<u>Article.</u> The President of the Republic adjusts, with the consultative vote of the Council of Ministers, conflicts of competence among the Ministers. His decision is countersigned by the President of the Council of Ministers.

<u>Article.</u> The decrees, orders, and rulings of the President of the Republic, with the exception of those indicated in sections _____ and _____ of this Article _____, must be countersigned by the appropriate Minister or Ministers in order to be valid.

<u>Article.</u> The President of the Council of Ministers, who may be a Minister without portfolio, has the following duties:

(1) To act, after the President of the Republic, as the authorized spokesman for the government;
<br>(2) To coordinate the functions of the other Ministers, in accordance with the President of the Republic’s instructions;
<br>(3) To coordinate relations between the executive branch and Congress;
<br>(4) To countersign the decree-laws issued by the President of the Republic in the event of emergency or public necessity; and
<br>(5) To exercise any other powers assigned to him under the Constitution and the law.

<u>Article.</u> The powers and duties of the Ministers, in their respective portfolios and in accordance with the laws and regulations of the executive branch, are as follows:

(1) To enforce the Constitution, laws, decrees, and resolutions;
<br>(2) To present to Congress such projects of laws, decrees, and resolutions as the President of the Republic may deem appropriate;
<br>(3) To effect, within the limits of their functions, the payment of recognized debts of the State;
<br>(4) To grant leaves of absence to the employees of their departments;
<br>(5) To propose the appointment or discharge of employees of their divisions;
<br>(6) To supervise administrative functions and adopt the necessary measures for their proper conduct, and to impose disciplinary penalties; and
<br>(7) To sign and communicate the resolutions of the executive branch.

<u>Article.</u> The President of the Council of Ministers, on assuming his functions, shall attend the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate separately, in company with the other Ministers, and shall explain the general policy of the government.

<u>Article.</u> The Council of Ministers in full, or the Ministers separately, may attend the sessions of Congress or of the chambers and participate in the debates, with a voice but no vote.

<u>Article.</u> The attendance of the Council of Ministers, or of any of the Ministers, is obligatory if Congress or either of the chambers calls for them in order to interpellate them.

<u>Article.</u> The interpellation shall be made in writing. For its acceptance it requires one fifth of the votes of the sitting representatives.

<u>Article.</u> Congress, or the chamber, shall indicate the day and hour for the Ministers to reply to the interpellations.

<u>Article.</u> Either of the chambers may pass judgment on the conduct of Ministers by proposing that Congress, in joint session shall declare that their acts of administration or of government are censured.

Whenever motions to this effect are presented, the chamber in which they are made shall be specially convoked, within a period of not over forty-eight hours, to decide upon its course of action.

If the motion is approved by a majority of those present, notice shall be given to Congress, which shall be called within forty-eight hours.

If upon the first convocation of Congress there are not a sufficient number of members present to hold a meeting, a second convocation shall be made and Congress shall be considered organized with the number of legislators who attend.

<u>Article.</u> The censure, adopted by an absolute majority of the full membership of Congress, shall require the immediate resignation of the Minister or Ministers affected by it. The President of the Republic shall accept the resignation within the subsequent 72 hours. The removed Minister shall be barred from serving as a Minister for the remainder of that presidential term.

<u>Article.</u> The nonapproval of a ministerial initiative does not oblige the Minister to resign, except in the case of his having made approval a matter of confidence.

<u>Article.</u> The exercise of the functions of a deputy or senator are suspended while he holds office as a Minister.

<u>Article.</u> The Ministers may not exercise any other public function, or any professional activities.

They shall not intervene, directly or indirectly, in the direction or management of any private undertaking or association.

<u>Article.</u> The Ministers are responsible civilly and criminally for their own acts and for the presidential acts which they countersign. Ministers shall not be exempt from responsibility for crime even if they invoke the written or verbal order of the President of the Republic.

Unless they resign immediately, all Ministers are collectively responsible for offenses against or infractions of the Constitution and of the laws which the President of the Republic commits, or which are agreed on in the Council of Ministers, even though they refrain from voting.

<u>Article.</u> The Ministers shall present an annual report on their actions to the President of the Republic. For their services, they shall receive a salary established by law, and while they are in office they shall be subject to the same incompatibilities as deputies and senators.

<u>Article.</u> Upon termination of their office, Ministers remain subject to six months' residence, and may not leave the territory of the Republic except by authorization granted by an absolute majority of votes of the full membership of Congress meeting in joint session.

==<center>'''TITLE VII'''<br><u>The Judicial Branch</u></center>==

==<center>'''TITLE VIII'''<br><u>The Electoral Branch</u></center>==

==<center>'''TITLE IX'''</center>==
<center>Sole Chapter<br><u>The Office of the Attorney General</u></center>

==<center>'''TITLE X'''<br><u>Public Finance</u></center>==

==<center>'''TITLE XI'''</center>==
<center>Sole Chapter<br><u>Public Officials and Employees</u></center>

==<center>'''TITLE XII'''</center>==
<center>Sole Chapter<br><u>The Armed Forces</u></center>

==<center>'''TITLE XIII'''</center>==
<center>Sole Chapter<br><u>Indian Communities</u></center>

==<center>'''TITLE XIV'''</center>==
<center>Sole Chapter<br><u>Agrarian Reform</u></center>

==<center>'''TITLE XV'''</center>==
<center>Sole Chapter<br><u>Amendment of the Constitution</u></center>

==<center>'''TITLE XVI'''</center>==
<center>Sole Chapter<br><u>Final and Transitory Provisions</u></center>